Predictors of Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Mental Health Symptoms: A School-Based Study in Southern India.

INTRODUCTION: Mental illnesses are one of the major contributors to the overall burden of disease among the young. We investigated the predictors of emotional and behavioral problems among in-school adolescents in the Indian context. METHODS: Using stratified sampling, 1441 adolescents were recruited to participate in the study in Udupi taluk. The study instruments included a socio-demographic pro forma and the adolescent self-reporting version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to assess the emotional and behavioral problems among them. We explored the predictors of total difficulties, as well as externalizing and internalizing problems and gender differences. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, a Chi-square test for associations, an independent t-test to explore the gender differences, correlation analysis, and backward stepwise logistic regression for the predictors were used. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 15.31 ± 0.76. An almost equal percentage of male (49.6%) and female (50.4%) participants provided data. Abnormal scores were highest under conduct problems (8.5%), and the total difficulties reached 5.1%. The male participants had higher levels of conduct, hyperactivity, peer relationship, and externalizing problems the while the female participants experienced higher levels of emotional and internalizing problems. It was observed that there was a significant positive relationship between age and emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and total SDQ score. An older age predicted an abnormal total difficulties score and externalizing and internalizing behaviors, while the type of school predicted the total difficulties and internalizing behaviors. CONCLUSION: The age of the adolescent, their gender, and the type of school they attended emerged as predictors of the emotional and behavioral problems among them.

A rare additional lobe of cerebellum, projecting from its superior surface.

Human cerebellum plays a vital role in motor coordination, regulation of muscle tone and maintaining the equilibrium of the body. It seldom shows anatomical/morphological variations. Herein, we report the presence of a small additional lobe projecting out on the superior surface of the right cerebellar hemisphere in the para-vermal area in an adult male cadaver. There was a notch on the tentorial surface of the occipital lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere, corresponding to the additional lobe of cerebellum. The additional lobe was histologically normal, with no evidence of any tumour cells. Knowledge of this variation is of importance to radiologists, neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons.

Two accessory muscles of leg: potential source of entrapment of posterior tibial vessels.

Accessory muscles can be found in any part of the body. In most of the regions, they go unnoticed. However, in some cases, they become symptomatic or of cosmetic concern. In this particular case, the presence of two accessory muscle slips was observed in the flexor compartment of the leg. Among the two, the first accessory muscle belly connected the lower part of flexor hallucis longus to the tibialis posterior. The muscle crossed superficial to the posterior tibial vessels. The second accessory muscle took origin from the connective tissue around the lower part of the posterior tibial vessels and was inserted to the upper part of the lateral border of tibia near the attachment of the interosseous membrane. One of the accessory muscles crossed the posterior tibial vessels, while the other surrounded them. The above accessory muscles were supplied by the branches of tibial nerve.

Effect of sorafenib on sperm count and sperm motility in male Swiss albino mice.

The issue of male germ line mutagenesis and the effects on developmental defects in the next generation has become increasingly high profile over recent years. Mutagenic substance affects germinal cells in the testis. Since the cells are undergoing different phases of cell division and maturation, it is an ideal system to study the effect of chemotherapeutic agents. There are lacunae in the literature on the effect of sorafenib on gonadal function. With background, a study was planned to evaluate the effects of sorafenib on sperm count and sperm motility in male Swiss albino mice. Male Swiss albino mice were used for the study. The animals were segregated into control, positive control (PC) and three treatment groups. PC received oral imatinib (100 mg/kg body weight) and treatment groups received 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight of sorafenib orally for 7 consecutive days at intervals of 24 h between two administrations. The control group remained in the home cage for an equal duration of time to match their corresponding treatment groups. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 1(st), 2(nd), 4(th), 5(th), 7(th), and 10(th) weeks after the last exposure to drug, respectively. Sperm suspensions were prepared and introduced into a counting chamber. Total sperm count and motility were recorded. There was a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm motility by sorafenib which was comparable with the effect of PC imatinib. Sorafenib adversely affects sperm count and sperm motility which are reversible after discontinuation of treatment.

Double gallbladder completely enclosed in a cystogastric fold of peritoneum.

Double gallbladder is one of the rare congenital anomalies of the gallbladder. Failure to detect an accessory gallbladder hampers diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis, which might result in recurrent attacks of cholecystitis. In addition, presence of peritoneal folds extending from the stomach and duodenum to the gallbladder is very rare. Here we report the presence of a double gallbladder enclosed in a cystogastric fold of the peritoneum. During cadaveric dissection, we observed a cystogastric peritoneal fold that extended from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the gallbladder. The left end of the peritoneal fold merged with the lesser omentum. It enclosed two gallbladders: the main gallbladder and a small accessory gallbladder. The accessory gallbladder was a small pouch with its fundus attached to the main gallbladder by fibrous tissue, and its duct opened into the main cystic duct.

Sessile ileum, subhepatic cecum, and uncinate appendix that might lead to a diagnostic dilemma.

The subhepatic position of the cecum and appendix is a result of embryological reasons. Subhepatic appendicitis can cause diagnostic dilemmas. During the dissection of an adult male cadaver aged approximately 70 years, the subhepatic position of the cecum and appendix was noted. The appendix made a "U"-shaped bend and its tip was located in the paracolic position. The cecum had appendices epiploicae, and the terminal part of the ileum was retroperitoneal and had ascended vertically to the cecum from the right iliac fossa. Functionally, the sessile part of the ileum might restrict its peristaltic movements. The abnormal position of the terminal ileum might be mistaken for an ascending colon during laparoscopic surgery. The subhepatic position of the cecum and appendix might cause confusion in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis because the tenderness in such cases is not located at the McBurney's point.

Hepatosplenic trunk associated with tortuous course of right hepatic artery forming caterpillar hump.

Celiac trunk usually trifurcates and supplies the organs in the supracolic compartment. The vascular variations are common in this region. There are reports on the variant course of right hepatic artery (RHA). The tortuous RHA forming a caterpillar hump is a rare finding and also its providing origin to gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is an important observation. During routine dissection of abdomen of approximately 60-year-old male cadaver, concurrent arterial variations were observed. The celiac trunk bifurcated into splenic and common hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery arose from the abdominal aorta. The common hepatic artery was tortuous and divided into right and left hepatic arteries in front of portal vein. The RHA gave origin to GDA and then made a characteristic loop around the bile duct with the convexity to the right side. Knowledge of arterial variations of celiac trunk and its branches is useful in planning and executing the radiological interventions and surgeries in the supracolic abdominal compartment.