TESTING OF DRUGS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CUSTOMS CONTROL IN UKRAINE: LEGAL ASPECTS.

The purpose of the study is to analyze certain aspects of the legal regulation of the examination of medicines containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or precursors in the field of customs. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the number of customs examinations carried out, new narcotic compounds identified for the first time. An analysis of the understanding of the definition "examination" and "customs examination" in the scientific literature. Two directions of the implementation of expert examinations of medicines containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or precursors in the field of customs were identified, its concept was defined. It is proposed to attribute the investigative examination to the methods of customs control. It was found out that this examination is not a forensic examination, and it can be attributed to a special class of examinations, since it has characteristic features inherent only in it: subject, tasks, objects, and research methods. Seven stages of the implementation of expert examinations of medicinal products containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or precursors during customs control are highlighted and their procedural order is analyzed.

LEGAL REGULATION OF PROCUREMENT OF NARCOTIC DRUGS IN UKRAINE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZED ORGANIZATIONS.

The purpose of the study is to analyze specific problems of legal regulation of the procurement of narcotic drugs in Ukraine with the involvement of international specialized organizations. To achieve this goal, statistics have been analyzed concerning the number of people who receive narcotic drugs for the SMT program, the number of their treatment applications, the quantity of drugs purchased for them from the state budget. It is proposed to divide the regulatory legal acts regulating the purchase of narcotic drugs, general and special, and analyze them. The understanding of legal constructions "state procurement" and "public procurement" in scientific literature, national legislation and international legal documents is analyzed. Two groups of subjects of legal relations in the field of procurement of narcotic drugs with the involvement of international specialized organizations have been distinguished out. In the course of the study, a number of problems have been identified that require urgent solutions: insufficient budget financing of drug provision for SMT programs; absence of control over the use of methadone and buprenorphine for SMT programs at the legislative level, as well as the differentiation of the terms "narcotic drugs", "psychotropic substances" and "drugs containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors"; absence of the price of the drug in the selection criteria of international organizations, the lack of economic competition in this field, existence of prepayment for SMT drugs for more than one year, which affects the efficiency of using budgetary funds. It is proposed to make a number of changes to the relevant legal acts.

Formation of metabolic syndrome as a risk factor of circulatory diseases in drivers.

The authors considered systemic approaches to disclosing factors that promote metabolic syndrome formation and associated risk of ciculatory system diseases in drivers. Examination covered drivers with metabolic syndrome and without it. Findings are that metabolic disorders developing in drivers are occupationally conditioned. Length of service can determine cases numbers of cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus manifestations, more frequent combination of hyperglycemia and/or hyper-, dyslipidemia with abdominal obesity. The drivers with length of service over 15 years, aged over 35, demonstrated arterial hypertension in 35% of cases, postinfarction cardiosclerosis in 43% of cases, disorders of cardiac rhythm and conductivity in 55% of cases, and the number increases with length of service and reaches 80% of total examinees number by 55 years of age. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 37% of cases (in 75% of the workers first diagnosed) with over 20 years of service, average age of 50 years.

[EVALUATION OF CHANGES OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF ALGINATE DENTAL IMPRESSIONS DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND MICROWAVE DISINFECTION METHOD USING 3D TECHNOLOGIES].

This clinical and laboratory study evaluated the effect of two methods of disinfection in different modes at the volume changes of alginate dental impressions and plaster models poured from them, as compared to the same parameters of plastic master models (PMM), using three-dimensional non-contact laser scanner and software. Immersion chemical disinfection for 15 min, microwave disinfection at 354 W for 10 minutes and combined disinfection with the power of 319 W for 4 minutes did not significantly affect the volumetric dimensional accuracy of the alginate impressions (P > 0.05).

[Exocrine function of the pancreas in rats with experimental obesity].

The influence of neonatal administration of hyperosmolar sodium chloride and sodium glutamate on the exocrine function of the pancreas in rats has been investigated. It was observed the development of acute pancreatitis under experimental obesity. The cross-section area of acini reduced by 12%, the cross-section area of acinocytes nuclei increased by 10%, the length between the lobes of the gland has grown by 48%. The level of amylase was increased by 43%, the levels of pancreatic amylase and lipase were increased by 68% and 24%, respectively.

Number of Langerhans cells is decreased in premalignant keratosis and skin cancers.

BACKGROUND: It was shown earlier that a number of CD207 positive Langerhans cells was lower in basal cell carcinomas than in the normal epidermis. Moreover, benign skin lesions presented a higher number of Langerhans cells when they were compared to malignant tumors. AIM: To count Langerhans cells, assessing expression levels of CD1A and CD207 markers in actinic keratosis, basal and squamous cell carcinomas, compared with the normal skin. Comparison of Langerhans cells might give a valuable prognostic marker for skin cancer. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and methods of statistics were used. RESULTS: Expression of CD1A and CD207 markers was assessed in tumor samples of actinic keratosis, cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas, in comparison with the normal skin. In each cohort there were 40 patients (and 11 healthy individuals). We have shown that the number of Langerhans cells is considerably lower in cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas, compared with their number in the normal skin (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CD1A expression correlated with CD207 expression only in the control group. There was no correlation in actinic keratosis, basal and squamous cell carcinoma. This may suggest an alteration of Langerhans cells phenotype in skin neoplastic diseases, making the number of Langerhans cells a valuable prognostic factor for skin tumors.

[The lysate and recombinant antigens in ELISA-test-systems for diagnostic of herpes simplex].

The lysate and recombinant antigens of various production included informula of ELISA-test-systems were analyzed. The ELISA-test-systems are used for detection of IgG to Herpes simplex virus type I and II. For testing the panel of serums PTH 201 (BBI Inc.) were used. The samples of this panel contain antibodies to Herpes simplex virus type I and II in mixed titers. The 69 serums of donors were used too (17 samples had IgG to Herpes simplex virus type I, 23 samples to Herpes simplex virus type II and 29 samples had no antibodies to Herpes simplex virus). The diagnostic capacity of mixture of recombinant antigens gG1 Herpes simplex virus type I and gG2 Herpes simplex virus type II (The research-and-production complex "DiaprofMed") was comparable with mixture of lysate antigen Herpes simplex virus type I and II (Membrane) EIE Antigen ("Virion Ltd."). In the test-systems for differentiation of IgG to Herpes simplex virus type I the recombinant antigen gG1 Herpes simplex virus type I proved to be comparable with commercial analogue Herpes simplex virus-1 gG1M ("Viral Therapeutics Inc."'). At the same time, capacity to detect IgG to Herpes simplex virus type II in recombinant protein gG2 Herpes simplex virus type II is significantly higher than in its analogue Herpes simplex virus-2 gG2c ("Viral Therapeutics Inc.").

[Researches of changes of geometrical parameters of silicone impressions under the influence of two methods of disinfection].

In this laboratory experimental investigation estimated the influence of two methods of disinfection on the alteration of dimensional stability of silicone impressions and gypsum casts poured from them comparing to an invariable parameters of the metal die that calls "Etalon 2". There were made the matches between traditional method of chemical disinfection and the physical method of microwave energy using the plant with flowing regulation of the power of microwave radiation which calls "micro-UndaDent".

[The influence of long-term monosodium glutamate feeding on the structure of rats pancreas].

The influence of prolonged administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on pancreas in rats was studied. It was established that 30-days feeding by MSG in the doses 15 to 30 mg/kg (equivalent to 1 and 2 g/person) leads to necrotic, necrobiotic and degenerative changes in exocrine and endocrine cells, leukocytic and lymphoid infiltration, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis, edema and discirculatory disorders. Introduction of sodium glutamate increases the cross-sectional area of nuclei ofexocrine and endocrine cells, indicating intensification of synthetic processes in the cells of the pancreas and reduces the cross-sectional area of exocrine pancreatic cells, which is a sign of stimulation of secretory processes in exocrine cells. The changes described are characteristic of the acute pancreatitis. It is concluded that the maximum daily dose of food supplements containing glutamic acid and its salts should be reviewed because of their adverse effects on the pancreas. It is concluded that the maximum dose of MSG should be reconsidered taking into account its influence on the pancreas.

[ELISA test-kit for herpes 2 serodiagnosis].

To reveal Herpes simplex virus 2 specific IgG and to determine their avidity the ELISA test-kit was constructed using recombinant protein gG2 (PSC SPC Diaproph-Med). Using this test-kit the distribution of specific antibodies with different avidity indexes was investigated in practically healthy donor samples. It is possible to use the mentioned ELISA test-kit for confirmation of primary infection, and also for differentiation of primary infection, chronic disease and virus reactivation. Thus, this ELISA test-kit could be an additional tool in herpetic infection diagnosis.

[The posibility of usage microwave energy as an alternative method of disinfection for silicone impressions in orthopaedic dentistry].

In this experimental investigation estimated the effect of microwave disinfection on the alteration of dimensional stability of silicone impressions and gypsum casts poured from them comparing to an invariable parameters of metal die. In this article uncovers the main point of origin, spreading and influence according to the classical theory of electro-magnetic waves (EMW) as an example was used the model M745R Samsung microwave oven. We evaluated possibilities and advantages of use the auxiliary plant for flowing regulation of the power of microwave radiation that calls "microUndaDent". It was designed, developed and installated by us in the department of orthopaedic dentistry.

[The influence of two methods of disinfection on dimensional stability of silicone impressions and stone models poured from them].

In this experimental investigation was matched the method of chemical disinfection as more custom and the physical method of microwave energy using the plant with flowing regulation of the power of microwave radiation which calls "micro-UndaDent". We estimated the influence of these two methods on the alteration of dimensional stability of silicone impressions and gypsum casts poured from them comparing to an invariable parameters of metal die.

[Gene-engineering technologies and stem cells].

In the review it has been presented the conceptional analysis of modern state of stem cells use problem (SC) in gene therapy ex vivo. Principles of vectorial systems construction have been expounded, designed for SC transfection. It has been displayed results of experimental investigations and clinical data on transplantation of genetically modifiable SC at different monogenous and multifactorial diseases. Special attention is focused on the problem of biosecurity ensuring.

[Physiological properties and possible correction of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel function].

Unique function of ATP-sensitive K channels (K(ATP)) is maintenance of interrelation between a metabolism and excitability of cells of various bodies and fabrics. In smooth muscle cells activation KP channels lead to vasodilatation, in beta-cells of a pancreas these channels play a role in interface of excitability of a membrane and secretion of insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs lowering a level of glucose in blood which use for treatment of a 2 type diabetes,--influence, contacting SUR 1 subunit and oppressing thus a K(ATP) current. It leads to membranes depolarisation, to Ca2+ entrance in cells and secretions of insulin. As opposed to this, diazoxide and pinacidil which reduce allocation of insulin, reduce arterial pressure, are specific K(ATP) activators. These preparations render therapeutic effects, stimulating K(ATP) and as consequence, limit increase of a level intracellular Ca2+ at depolarisation. At an ischemia of heart activation of K(ATP) channels reduces duration of potential of action, and it leads to reduction of Ca2+ entrance and renders cardio protective action. For last years significant successes in understanding of molecular mechanisms, determines K(ATP) channels activity, and in finding-out of their role in physiological and pathological processes are achieved. In this review of the literature the basic achievements in this area, and also problems which should be solved are considered.

[Mesenchymal progenitor cells. Biological characteristic and prospects for their use].

Imunophenotic characteristic of the mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells, their tissue origin and functional peculiarities as well as immunological aspects of its transplantation are presented in the article. Also the address migration and the site-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells its age-related and pathological process induced changes are discussed. Prospects of clinical use of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of degenerative arthritis, spinal cord injuries, myocardial infarction and other disorders are shown.

Childhood leukaemia in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine following the Chernobyl power station accident: results from an international collaborative population-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence regarding the risk of leukaemia in children following exposure to radionuclides from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant explosion on April 26, 1986. METHODS: This population-based case-control study investigated whether acute leukaemia is increased among children who were in utero or <6 years of age at the time of the Chernobyl accident. Confirmed cases of leukaemia diagnosed from April 26, 1986 through December 31, 2000 in contaminated regions of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine were included. Two controls were matched to each case on sex, birth year, and residence. Accumulated absorbed radiation dose to the bone marrow was estimated for each subject. RESULTS: Median estimated radiation doses of participants were <10 mGy. A significant increase in leukaemia risk with increasing radiation dose to the bone marrow was found. This association was most evident in Ukraine, apparent (but not statistically significant) in Belarus, and not found in Russia. CONCLUSION: Taken at face value, these findings suggest that prolonged exposure to very low radiation doses may increase leukaemia risk as much as or even more than acute exposure. However the large and statistically significant dose-response might be accounted for, at least in part, by an overestimate of risk in Ukraine. Therefore, we conclude this study provides no convincing evidence of an increased risk of childhood leukaemia as a result of exposure to Chernobyl radiation, since it is unclear whether the results are due to a true radiation-related excess, a sampling-derived bias in Ukraine, or some combination thereof. However, the lack of significant dose-responses in Belarus and Russia also cannot convincingly rule out the possibility of an increase in leukaemia risk at low dose levels.

[Combined effect of agonists and antagonists of the membranes channels on hemodynamic indices in rats with normal blood pressure and spontaneous hypertension]. / Kompleksnyi vplyv aktyvatoriv i blokatoriv membrannykh kanaliv na pokaznyky hemodynamiky shchuriv z normal'nym arterial'nym tyskom ta zi spontannoiu hipertenziieiu.

It has been investigated the influence of synthesized in Institute of Organic Chemistry NA of Science fluorinated Compound "C" on haemodynamic indexes of normotensive (Wistar) and hypertensive (SHR) rats. Molecules of Compound 'C' contain the blocker of calcium channels foridon and the potassium channels activator flocalin. It was shown that separately used foridon (0.5 mg/kg) and flocalin (which has dose-depended effect) evoke hypertensive reaction, decreasing the total peripheral resistance. They differently affect the systolic blood volume (foridon decreases and flocalin increases) but do not change the heart rate. Compound "C" (0.5 mg/kg) decreases arterial pressure and total peripheral vessels resistance, decreases heart rate and increases systolic blood volume. In hypertensive animals these effects were more pronounced in comparison with normotensive animals.

[Effect of dalargin on the bile acid spectrum in human bile]. / Vplyv dalarhinu na spektr zhovchnykh kyslot u zhovchi liudyny.

Effects were studied of dalargin on the bile acids spectrum in the bile of patients with duodenal ulcer. Dalargin has been shown to increase the bile concentration of tauro- and glycochilates, with the concentration of free bile acids remaining unchanged or being on the decrease.

Elevated exposure rates under inclined birch trees indicate the occurrence of rainfall during radioactive fallout from Chernobyl.

Knowledge of the mode of deposition (wet or dry) during the main fallout period following the Chernobyl accident in late April 1986 is one of the most important parameters in environmental reconstruction of the radiation dose to the thyroid from 113I following the accident. Meteorological data are available only for a small number of locations, but routine field measurements in 1997 of exposure rates in areas still contaminated by 137Cs revealed that there is a natural indicator of wet deposition. Follow-up measurements confirmed that there is a significant difference in exposure rates measured on different sides at the bases of inclined birch trees in areas of wet deposition. In such areas, the exposure rates measured on the "sheltered" sides of the trees were on average 2.3+/-0.2 times those measured on the unsheltered side. In areas of dry deposition the comparable ratio was 1.01+/-0.02 for similarly inclined trees. Because birch trees are a common feature in the contaminated territories, this effect has a wide potential for use in determining whether the fallout in many areas was due to wet or dry deposition.

[Effect of nitric oxide on force-frequency relations in experimental hyperfunction and hypertrophy in the heart muscle]. / Vplyv oksydu azotu na khronoinotropnu zalezhnist' miokarda pry eksperymental'nii hiperfunktsiï ta hipertrofiï sertsia.

The influence of nitric oxide--NO on force-frequency relations in normal and hypertrophy rats isolated papillary muscles were compared using isometric force measurement. Stimulation frequency varied between 0.33 and 3 Hz. In normal conditions rat papillary muscle exhibit a negative force-frequency staircase, which is different from hypertrophy ventricular preparations (force-frequency relations practically be absent). During the incubation of hypertrophy ventricular preparations in nitro-glycerinem-containing solution (NO donator) the force-frequency relations measured on these muscles display the same behaviour as in normal conditions. The application of a caffeine into the bath solution abolishes a negative force-frequency staircase in all bunches of experiments. Under durable infusion of NO-predecessor--L-arginine to the rats (100 mg/kg) with hypertrophy of heart, the papillary muscle exhibits a positive force-frequency staircase. Caffeine did not caused any changes in force-frequency relations on rats ventricular preparations in there conditions. We conclude that the paradoxical response of hypertrophy of hearts is connected to infringements of redistribution of ions Ca between extracellular medium and intracellular stores in a systole and diastole.