Cross-contamination and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics between rivers and surrounding open aquaculture ponds.

Antibiotics are causing widespread concern as one of the emerging contaminants. There is the abuse of antibiotics in high-density open aquaculture, and the tailwater is often discharged into surrounding rivers. At the same time, the water replenishment of open aquaculture ponds from nearby rivers containing antibiotic contamination from different sources may result in cross-contamination. However, it is still unclear which pollution intensity is greater in rivers or in open aquaculture. So in this paper, the levels of 20 antibiotics (i.e., Fluoroquinolones (FQs), Sulfonamides (SAs), Tetracyclines (TCs), Macrolides (MLs) and Lincosamides (LCs)) in rivers and high-density open aquaculture ponds were investigated in the Baini River basin in the suburbs of Guangzhou, China. The results showed that norfloxacin (NFX) was the predominant antibiotic in river and aquaculture water, with concentrations ranging from 6.12 to 156.04 ng/L and from 7.47 to 82.62 ng/L in both aquatic systems, respectively. As for the pollution intensity of antibiotics, the annual pollution contribution (28.64 kg/a) of the river water supply to open aquaculture is higher than that (10.81 kg/a) of open aquaculture to the river, which means river pollution has a greater impact on aquaculture ponds. The risk quotient (RQ) showed that the ecological risk of lincomycin (LIN), erythromycin (ERY), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), norfloxacin (NFX), ciprofloxacin (CFX) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in rivers and aquaculture environments had high ecological risks from 1.21 to 1.81. Water interactions with contaminated rivers will result in a corresponding increase in the ecological risk of antibiotics in the aquaculture environment. Overall, according to the results, the risk of polluted rivers to open aquaculture cannot be ignored, and it is recommended that open aquaculture should use these water sources with caution, and that the water quality evaluation of aquaculture water should be increased with monitoring indicators for emerging contaminants such as antibiotics.

Unveiling the power of COD/N on constructed wetlands in a short-term experiment: Exploring microbiota co-occurrence patterns and assembly dynamics.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technology. The influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/nitrogen (N) ratio (CNR) plays a crucial role in microbial activity and purification performance. However, the effects of CNR changes on microbial diversity, interactions, and assembly processes in CWs are not well understood. In this study, we conducted comprehensive mechanistic experiments to investigate the response of CWs to changes in influent CNR, focusing on the effluent, rhizosphere, and substrate microbiota. Our goal is to provide new insights into CW management by integrating microbial ecology and environmental engineering perspectives. We constructed two groups of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HFCWs) and set up three influent CNRs to analyse the microbial responses and nutrient removal. The results indicated that increasing influent CNR led to a decrease in microbial α-diversity and niche width. Genera involved in nitrogen removal and denitrification, such as Rhodobacter, Desulfovibrio, and Zoogloea, were enriched under medium/high CNR conditions, resulting in higher nitrate (NO3--N) removal (up to 99 %) than that under lower CNR conditions (<60 %). Environmental factors, including water temperature (WT), pH, and phosphorus (P), along with CNR-induced COD and NO3--N play important roles in microbial succession in HFCWs. The genus Nitrospira, which is involved in nitrification, exhibited a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) with WT, COD, and P. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that increasing influent CNR reduced the complexity of the network structure and increased microbial competition. Analysis using null models demonstrated that the microbial community assembly in HFCWs was primarily driven by stochastic processes under increasing influent CNR conditions. Furthermore, HFCWs with more stochastic microbial communities exhibited better denitrification performance (NO3--N removal). Overall, this study enhances our understanding of nutrient removal, microbial co-occurrence, and assembly mechanisms in CWs under varying influent CNRs.

Association between thermal response and endogenous dopamine: Step-change environments in winter.

Temperature step change is the typical transient thermal environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of subjective and objective parameters in a step-change environment, including thermal sensation vote (TSV), thermal comfort vote (TCV), mean skin temperature (MST) and endogenous dopamine (DA). Three temperature step changes defined as I3 (15 °C-18 °C to 15 °C), I9 (15 °C-24 °C to 15 °C) and I15 (15 °C-30 °C to 15 °C) were designed for this experiment. Eight male and eight female healthy subjects who participated in the experiment reported thermal perception (TSV and TCV). Skin temperatures of six body parts and DA were measured. Results show that the inverted U-shaped in TSV and TCV was deviated by seasonal factors of the experiment. The deviation direction of TSV in winter was to the warm sensation side, which was opposite to the inherent cold and hot impression of people in winter and summer. The association between dimensionless dopamine (DA*), TSV and MST were described as follows: DA* was the U-shaped change with exposure times when MST was not greater than 31 °C, and TSV was at -2 and -1, and DA* increased with exposure times when MST was greater than 31 °C, and TSV was at 0, 1 and 2. The changes in the body heat storage and autonomous thermal regulation under temperature step changes may potentially be related to the concentration of DA. The human state on thermal nonequilibrium and stronger thermal regulation would correspond to a higher concentration of DA. This work is conducive to exploring the human regulation mechanism in a transient environment.

Occurrence, source tracking and removal of antibiotics in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in southern China.

The recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) has attracted much attention in China as a way to rapidly transform and upgrade aquaculture ponds to realize zero-emissions of pollutants in aquaculture tail water. Tail water purification ponds (TWPPs) play an important role in the treatment of aquaculture wastewater. However, until now, there have been few reports on the occurrence of antibiotics in RAS and the removal of antibiotics from the TWPPs of RAS. Therefore, this study focused on the occurrence of antibiotics in a typical ecological RAS. For comparison, the same measurements were simultaneously carried out in nearby open aquaculture ponds and rivers. The pollution level and spatial distribution of antibiotics in the RAS and the removal of antibiotics in the TWPPs were explored. The results showed that (1) eleven and twelve antibiotics were detected in water and sediment samples in the RAS, respectively, but no antibiotics were found in fish muscles and feed. Erythromycin (ERY), lincomycin (LIN), and ciprofloxacin (CFX) were the three main types of antibiotics found in water and sediment samples. (2) The TWPPs of the RAS can effectively remove antibiotics in aquaculture water. The antibiotic concentration in recirculating aquaculture ponds of the RAS was as high as 180 ng/L. After treatments in the TWPPs, the antibiotic concentration of aquaculture water decreased to 81.6 ng/L (3) The antibiotic concentrations in recirculating aquaculture ponds (25.2-180 ng/L) were lower than those in the nearby open aquaculture ponds (126-267.3 ng/L), and the concentration of antibiotics in the sediments of recirculating aquaculture ponds was up to 22.9 ng/g, while that in TWPPs was as high as 56.1 ng/g. In conclusion, the antibiotic residues in the RAS were low after antibiotics were banned in feed in China, and the removal of antibiotics in the TWPPs was more pronounced. Furthermore, cross-contamination was found between the RAS, surrounding open aquaculture ponds and the river, and the water supply of the RAS was likely to be the main contributor of antibiotics in the aquaculture environments. This study can help the government formulate discharge standards for antibiotics in aquaculture and also provide a reference for the transformation and upgrading of aquaculture ponds to achieve a zero-emission aquaculture mode.