Synergistic Modulation of Electronic Interaction to Enhance Intrinsic Activity and Conductivity of Fe-Co-Ni Hydroxide Nanotube for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst.

The large-scale hydrogen production and application through electrocatalytic water splitting depends crucially on the development of highly efficient, cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which, however, remains challenging. Here, a new electrocatalyst of trimetallic Fe-Co-Ni hydroxide (denoted as FeCoNiOx Hy ) with a nanotubular structure is developed through an enhanced Kirkendall process under applied potential. The FeCoNiOx Hy features synergistic electronic interaction between Fe, Co, and Ni, which not only notably increases the intrinsic OER activity of FeCoNiOx Hy by facilitating the formation of *OOH intermediate, but also substantially improves the intrinsic conductivity of FeCoNiOx Hy to facilitate charge transfer and activate catalytic sites through electrocatalyst by promoting the formation of abundant Co3+ . Therefore, FeCoNiOx Hy delivers remarkably accelerated OER kinetics and superior apparent activity, indicated by an ultra-low overpotential potential of 257 mV at a high current density of 200 mA cm-2 . This work is of fundamental and practical significance for synergistic catalysis related to advanced energy conversion materials and technologies.

Manipulating the Reaction Pathway of CO2 Photoreduction via the Microenvironment of a Re Molecular Catalyst.

Re molecular complexes incorporated into two metal-organic frameworks were investigated to disclose the host-guest interaction by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and to explore the microenvironment around the Re complex by absorption and photoluminescence spectra. ZIF-8 provides a confined space to isolated Re via an electrostatic interaction, while UiO-66 exerts a relaxed space to accessible Re via a coordination interaction. For CO2 two-electron photoreduction to CO, the turnover number of 28.6 in Re@ZIF-8 is 10-fold that of 2.7 in Re@UiO-66. The electron transfer is promoted in Re@ZIF-8 by a local electrostatic field with a cross-space pathway, whereas it is retarded in Re@UiO-66 as the solvation shell surrounding Re. In the following CO2 activation, the charged intermediate species could be stabilized in Re@ZIF-8 by spatial confinement, while Re-triethanolamine adducts prevailed in Re@UiO-66 with the accessibility of the Re complex. This work demonstrates a feasibility of diverting the CO2 activation pathway by the microenvironment of a molecular catalyst in the field of artificial photosynthesis.

Co-Fe-P Nanosheet Arrays as a Highly Synergistic and Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The rational design and synthesis of highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of critical importance to the large-scale production of hydrogen by water electrolysis. Here, we develop a bimetallic, synergistic, and highly efficient Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst for OER, by selecting a two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) of Co-ZIF-L as the precursor. The Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst features pronounced synergistic effects induced by notable electron transfer from Co to Fe, and a large electrochemical active surface area achieved by organizing the synergistic Co-Fe-P into hierarchical nanosheet arrays with disordered grain boundaries. Such features facilitate the generation of abundant and efficiently exposed Co3+ sites for electrocatalytic OER and thus enable Co-Fe-P to deliver excellent activity (overpotential and Tafel slope as low as 240 mV and 36 mV dec-1, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH solution). The Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst also shows great durability by steadily working for up to 24 h. Our work thus provides new insight into the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts based on nanoscale and/or electronic structure engineering.

Revisiting the Environment Effect on Mass Transfer for Heterogenized Pd6 Ru8 Metal-Organic Cage Photocatalyst Confined within 3D Matrix.

Artificial light-driven splitting of water into hydrogen involves multiple links to emulate natural photosynthesis, including light absorption, electron or energy transfer, surface catalysis et al., in which, the mass transportation of sacrificial reagent and reactant is always ignored. Metal-organic cage (MOC) of Pd6 Ru8 (MOC-16), assembling multiple photosensitive Ru and catalytic Pd concomitant with directional electron transfer between them, provides an opportunity to explore the environmental effects from the view point of mass transportation without disturbance of other links. Zr-MOF of UiO-66 is used as a matrix to heterogenize MOC-16 and a series of characterizations are carried out to unravel the composition, structure and optical properties. The intact MOC-16 remains with long-term photo-stability and the outstanding photocatalytic activity is obtained by virtue of a long-lived triplet state. Three matrixes of ZIF-8, ZIF-8 derived carbonate CZIF, and UiO-66 are intercompared for mass transfer based on wettability and porous structure. Water molecule directly takes part in the formation of H2 catalyzed by MOC-16@UiO-66, evidenced by a kinetic isotope effect, in addition to the proton delivery thanks to the hydrophilic nature of UiO-66. The porous structure of UiO-66 is essential for the permeation of sacrificial reagent to serve as two-electron donor, in sharp contrast as one-electron donor in nonporous CZIF matrix. These results highlight the importance of microenviroment surrounding molecular catalysts in view of the heterogenization of molecular catalysts, meanwhile, providing a prominent guidance on how to choose 3D support to bridge the homogenous and heterogenous system.

Medication reconciliation role and value in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

BACKGROUND: With the continuous increase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is also imminent to treat patients with AD for medication reconciliation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role and value of medication reconciliation in AD treatment. METHODS: 100 patients over 65 years of age diagnosed with AD were randomly separated into two groups: conventional treatment and medication reforming. The list of medical orders of all subjects was obtained within 24 hours after admission with Beers criteria, STOPP/START criteria, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia used as the MED intervention criteria. Medication reconciliation was performed at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months after hospital admission. The number of medications prescribed, the quantity of the medication, medication error rate, therapeutic effect, adverse drug reactions, and satisfaction levels of family members and main caregivers were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After the intervention, the types and amount of medication in the MED group were less compared to the CON group along with a reduced medication deviation rate. The Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score and the proportion of well-nourished patients in the MED group were higher than those in the CON group. It was also observed that the physical self-care ability score and the proportion of patients with abnormal swallowing were lower when in comparison with the CON group. The incidence of adverse drug reactions in the MED group was lower than that in the CON group. However, the satisfaction rate was higher than that in the CON group. CONCLUSION: Medication reconciliation can reduce the medication deviation in AD patients.

Charge State of Au25(SG)18 Nanoclusters Induced by Interaction with a Metal Organic Framework Support and Its Effect on Catalytic Performance.

We investigated the charge transfer between Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters and metal-organic framework (MOF) supports including Mil-101-Cr, Mil-125-Ti, and ZIF-8 by an X-ray photoemission technique and discussed the influence of resulted charge states of supported Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters on the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction. Charge transfer from Au25(SG)18 to Mil-101-Cr induces positive charge Auδ+ (0 < δ < 1) while charge transfer from ZIF-8 to Au25(SG)18 generates negative charge Auδ- due to different metal-support interactions. Au25(SG)18 on Mil-125 shows metallic Au0, similar to unsupported Au25(SG)18, due to negligible charge transfer. The resulted charge state of Auδ- inhibits the formation of adsorbed hydride (H-) species because of electrostatic repulsion, while Auδ+ impairs the reductive ability of adsorbed hydride (H-) species due to strong affinity between them. In comparison, metallic Au0 in Au25(SG)18/Mil-125 and unsupported Au25(SG)18 presents the optimum catalytic activity. The current work provides guidelines to design effective metal nanoclusters in heterogeneous catalysis through metal-support interaction exerted by metal-oxo/nitric clusters within MOFs.

Correction: Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over hydrogenated ZnO nanorod arrays.

Correction for 'Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over hydrogenated ZnO nanorod arrays' by Xihong Lu et al., Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 7717-7719, DOI: .

A robust photocatalyst of Au25@ZIF-8@TiO2-ReP with dual photoreductive sites to promote photoelectron utilization in H2O splitting to H2 and CO2 reduction to CO.

Sustaining long-term chemical or photochemical stability of a homogeneous molecular catalyst remains a significant challenge. We report a remarkable improvement of the activity and stability of a Au25@ZIF-8@TiO2-ReP catalyst via composition engineering with double redox active sites of Au25 NCs and a Re(i) complex for H2 and CO evolution to promote electron utilization.

Heterogenization of Photochemical Molecular Devices: Embedding a Metal-Organic Cage into a ZIF-8-Derived Matrix To Promote Proton and Electron Transfer.

Application of a molecular catalyst in artificial photosynthesis is confronted with challenges such as rapid deactivation due to photodegradation or detrimental aggregation in harsh conditions. In this work, a metal-organic cage [Pd6(RuL3)8]28+ (MOC-16), characteristic of a photochemical molecular device (PMD) concurrently integrating eight Ru2+ light-harvesting centers and six Pd2+ catalytic centers for efficient homogeneous H2 production, is successfully heterogenized through incorporation into a metal-organic framework (MOF) of ZIF-8 and then transformed into a carbonate matrix of Znx(MeIm)x(CO3)x (CZIF), leading to hybridized MOC-16@CZIF. This MOC@MOF integrated photocatalyst inherits a highly efficient and directional electron transfer in the picosecond domain of MOC-16 and possesses one order increased microsecond magnitude of the triplet excited-state electron in comparison to that of the primitive MOC-16. The carbonate CZIF matrix endows MOC-16@CZIF with water wettability, serving as a proton relay to facilitate proton delivery by virtue of H2O as proton carriers. Electron transfer during the photocatalytic process is also enhanced by infiltration of a sacrificial agent of BIH into the CZIF matrix to promote conductivity, owing to its strong reducing ability to induce free charge carriers. These synergistic effects contribute to the extra high activity for H2 generation, making the turnover frequency of this heterogeneous MOC-16@CZIF photocatalyst maintain a level of ∼0.4 H2·s-1, increased by 50-fold over that of a homogeneous PMD. Meanwhile, it is robust enough to tolerate harsh reaction conditions, presenting an unprecedented heterogenization example of homogeneous PMD with a MOF-derived matrix to mimic catalytic features of a natural photosystem, which may shed light on the design of multifunctional PMD@MOF materials to expand the number of molecular catalysts for practical application in artificial photosynthesis.

Protective Effects of Reduced Beta 2 Glycoprotein I on Liver Injury in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Diabetic Rats by Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase.

BACKGROUND Protective effects of reduced beta 2 glycoprotein I (Rb2GPI) against vascular injury of diabetes mellitus have been extensively investigated. However, the effects of Rb2GPI on liver injury in diabetic animals have not been reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS A diabetic rat model of was produced by systemic injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats were divided into a normal control group, a model group, and an Rb2GPI treatment group (N=6 in each group). After treatments, blood serum and liver tissue were collected to test the protection of Rb2GPI. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Our results revealed that Rß2GPI reduced blood glucose, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels, as well as serum inflammation cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-reactive protein in the diabetic rats. Importantly, Rß2GPI prevented liver injury in the diabetic rats as confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were promoted by diabetic modeling and were attenuated by Rß2GPI administration. Moreover, Rß2GPI significantly reduced liver catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels in the diabetic rats. Rß2GPI reduced liver glycolipid storage in STZ diabetic rats. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated that Rß2GPI promoted AMPK phosphorylation in the diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Our data proved that Rß2GPI prevented liver injury in diabetic rats, likely through activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels are associated with peripheral arterial disease in women, but not men, with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) has been recognized as an important player in macrophage cholesterol trafficking and inflammation, and may promote the development of atherosclerosis. To further elucidate the role of A-FABP in atherosclerosis in diabetes, we investigated the relationship between serum A-FABP concentrations and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: In all, 488 inpatients with T2DM were enrolled in the study (254 men, 234 women; mean (±SD) age 57.3 ± 13.0 years). The severity of peripheral arterial stenosis was assessed by ultrasound examination. Serum A-FABP concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Serum A-FABP concentrations were significantly higher in patients with than without PAD (8.0 ± 3.3 vs 6.2 ± 1.6 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). Interestingly, there was an obvious gender-related difference in PAD patients with T2DM, with the stenosis rate being higher for female than male T2DM patients in the third A-FABP tertile. Logistic regression analysis revealed that serum A-FABP concentrations were an independent risk factor for PAD in female T2DM patients (odds ratio 1.890, 95% confidence interval 1.041-3.432; P = 0.036), but not in male T2DM patients. Correlation analyses revealed that A-FABP concentrations were correlated with body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure, urinary microalbumin, and serum creatinine in male patients, and with BMI, duration of T2DM, fasting blood glucose, and serum creatinine in female patients. CONCLUSIONS: Serum A-FABP concentrations are closely associated with PAD in Chinese women with T2DM. The study findings suggest that A-FABP may be a more specific marker of PAD in diabetic women than men.

Fabrication of Au25 (SG)18 -ZIF-8 Nanocomposites: A Facile Strategy to Position Au25 (SG)18 Nanoclusters Inside and Outside ZIF-8.

Multifunctional composite materials are currently highly desired for sustainable energy applications. A general strategy to integrate atomically precise Au25 (SG)18 with ZIF-8 (Zn(MeIm)2 , MeIm = 2-methylimidazole), is developed via the typical Zn-carboxylate type of linkage. Au25 (SG)18 are uniformly encapsulated into a ZIF-8 framework (Au25 (SG)18 @ZIF-8) by coordination-assisted self-assembly. In contrast, Au25 (SG)18 integrated by simple impregnation is oriented along the outer surface of ZIF-8 (Au25 (SG)18 /ZIF-8). The porous structure and thermal stability of these nanocomposites are characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isothermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The distribution of Au25 (SG)18 in the two nanocomposites is confirmed by electron microscopy, and the accessibility of Au25 (SG)18 is evaluated by the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction. The as-prepared nanocomposites retain the high porosity and thermal stability of the ZIF-8 matrix, while also exhibiting the desired catalytic and optical properties derived from the integrated Au25 (SG)18 nanoclusters (NCs). Au25 (SG)18 @ZIF-8 with isolated Au25 sites is a promising heterogenous catalyst with size selectivity imparted by the ZIF-8 matrix. The structural distinction between Au25 (SG)18 @ZIF-8 and Au25 (SG)18 /ZIF-8 determines their different emission features, and provides a new strategy to adjust the optical behavior of Au25 (SG)18 for applications in bioimaging and biotherapy.

Association of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels with Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is typically featured by elevated serum concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This study aimed to determine the relationship between TSH levels and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 860 type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were evaluated for anthropometric measurements, thyroid function, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic kidney disease. TSH was divided into 3 levels: 0.27-2.49 mU/l, 2.5-4.2 mU/l, and >4.2 mU/l. RESULTS Among the participants, 76 subjects (8.8%) were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) (male: 6.6% and female: 11.8%). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy did not differ among the groups (P=0.259). Of the 860 type 2 diabetic subjects, we further excluded invalid or missing data. Therefore, 800 and 860 subjects were included in our study of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), respectively. The frequencies of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria differed significantly among the different groups. The frequency of DKD was significantly different among the 3 groups (P=0.001) and was higher in subjects with higher TSH levels. After an adjustment for confounding variables, TSH levels were significantly associated with DKD (P<0.001). When compared with subjects with TSH 0.27-2.49 mU/l, the frequency of DKD was higher in subjects with TSH >4.20 mU/l (OR 1.531, 95% CI 1.174-1.997) and with TSH 2.50-4.20 mU/l (OR 1.579, 95% CI 1.098-2.270). However, TSH levels was not significantly correlated with DR (P=0.126). CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetic patients with higher TSH values had a higher prevalence of DKD.

A metal-organic cage incorporating multiple light harvesting and catalytic centres for photochemical hydrogen production.

Photocatalytic water splitting is a natural but challenging chemical way of harnessing renewable solar power to generate clean hydrogen energy. Here we report a potential hydrogen-evolving photochemical molecular device based on a self-assembled ruthenium-palladium heterometallic coordination cage, incorporating multiple photo- and catalytic metal centres. The photophysical properties are investigated by absorption/emission spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements and preliminary DFT calculations and the stepwise electron transfer processes from ruthenium-photocentres to catalytic palladium-centres is probed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The photocatalytic hydrogen production assessments reveal an initial reaction rate of 380 µmol h-1 and a turnover number of 635 after 48 h. The efficient hydrogen production may derive from the directional electron transfers through multiple channels owing to proper organization of the photo- and catalytic multi-units within the octahedral cage, which may open a new door to design photochemical molecular devices with well-organized metallosupramolecules for homogenous photocatalytic applications.

Completely <001> oriented anatase TiO2 nanoarrays: topotactic growth and orientation-related efficient photocatalysis.

A TiO2 film has been facilely grown on a Ti foil via a general and simple acid vapor oxidation (AVO) strategy. Based on detailed characterization by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found that the TiO2 film was composed of anatase nanoarrays highly oriented along their <001> direction, resulting in a large exposed {001} top surface on the film. The growth mechanism based on a topotactic transformation was proposed according to a careful study of time-dependent experimental results. Resulting from the evaluation of photocatalytic performance compared with a commercial TiO2 photocatalyst (Degussa P25), the as-prepared oriented anatase TiO2 film showed higher efficiency for degradation of atrazine and acid orange II (AOII). The performance of photocatalysis is highly relevant to the preferential orientation. The efficient photocatalysis could be attributed to the highly reactive {001} facets on the anatase nanoarrays with super-hydrophilicity.

Genome-wide association study identifies variants in PMS1 associated with serum ferritin in a Chinese population.

Only a small proportion of genetic variation in serum ferritin has been explained by variant genetic studies, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) for serum ferritin has not been investigated widely in Chinese population. We aimed at exploring the novel genetic susceptibility to serum ferritin, and performed this two stage GWAS in a healthy Chinese population of 3,495 men aged 20-69 y, including 1,999 unrelated subjects in the first stage and 1,496 independent individuals in the second stage. Serum ferritin was measured with electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and DNA samples were collected for genotyping. A total of 1,940,243 SNPs were tested by using multivariate linear regression analysis. After adjusting for population stratification, age and BMI, the rs5742933 located in the 5'UTR region of PMS1 gene on chromosome 2 was the most significantly associated with ferritin concentrations (P-combined  = 2.329×10(-10)) (ß â€Š=  -0.11, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.07). Moreover, this marker was about 200 kb away from the candidate gene SLC40A1 which is responsible for iron export. PMS1 gene was the novel genetic susceptibility to serum ferritin in Chinese males and its relation to SLC40A1 needs further study.

Duration of exercise as a key determinant of improvement in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients.

Exercise duration and intensity are important parameters in exercise prescription and play a major role in improving insulin sensitivity (including transient and persistent improvement effects following cessation of training) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether duration or intensity of exercise is the more important factor has yet to be established. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether exercise prescriptions differing in duration and intensity differ in their ability to aid T2DM patients to retain insulin sensitivity following the conclusion of a period of training. Sedentary T2DM patients (age 51.2 ± 1.3 years) were assigned to either a low-intensity (50% VO(2peak), n = 27) or a high-intensity exercise group (75% VO(2peak), n = 28), and followed a 12-week exercise program of 5 sessions/week and 240 kcal/session. Insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test, ISI) was measured when subjects were sedentary and at 16-24 h and 15 days after the final training bout. The low-intensity group spent more training time to training per exercise session than the high-intensity group (56.1 ± 3.0 min/session vs. 34.3 ± 2.4 min/session) (P < 0.01), but the total amount of energy expended was the same. ISI was increased in both groups 16-24 h after the final training session, but only the low-intensity group still had elevated ISI 15 days after the cessation of training. These findings suggest that in T2DM patients, the persistent training-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity may be more dependent on exercise duration than exercise intensity in regimens with the same level of energy expenditure.

Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over hydrogenated ZnO nanorod arrays.

Hydrogenated ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) grown on F-doped SnO(2) (FTO) glass substrates yield a benchmark specific hydrogen production rate of 122,500 µmol h(-1) g(-1), and exhibit excellent stability and recyclability.

Sterically stable liposomes improve the therapeutic effect of hepatic stimulator substance on fulminant hepatic failure in rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few drugs have been confirmed to be effective for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The purpose of this study was to prepare sterically stable liposomes (SSL) encapsulating hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) and determine their therapeutic effect on FHF. METHODS: HSS were encapsulated into SSL (HSS-SSL). FHF was induced in rats by thioacetamide (TAA) injection (400mg/kg, three times with a 24-h interval). The agents, including HSS-SSL, SSL, HSS, and sodium chloride (NS), were each injected intravenously 2h after the second and the third TAA injection. RESULTS: Freshly prepared HSS-SSL had a mean size of 93.59nm and the average encapsulation efficiency was 37.20%. HSS encapsulated in SSL showed a longer half life and more potent target to injured livers than free HSS. Twenty-four hours after the third TAA-injection, the survival rate of HSS-SSL-treated rats (80%) was significantly higher than that of rats treated with NS (20%), SSL (25%), or HSS (50%). Histopathologic examination showed that there was the least necrosis and inflammation in the livers of HSS-SSL-treated rats. The incidence of stage 3 or 4 hepatic encephalopathy in HSS-SSL-treated rats was significantly lower than that in rats treated with other agents. The serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and hepatic lipid peroxidation levels were both markedly reduced, while hepatocyte proliferative rate was markedly increased after HSS-SSL treatment. CONCLUSION: Encapsulation by SSL markedly improved the therapeutic effect of HSS on FHF in rats. Encapsulation by SSL may be an effective approach to enhance the therapeutic potency of drugs for FHF.

Visible emission characteristics from different defects of ZnS nanocrystals.

Various sized ZnS nanocrystals were prepared by treatment under H(2)S atmosphere. Resonance Raman spectra indicate that the electron-phonon coupling increases with increasing the size of ZnS. Surface and interfacial defects are formed during the treatment processes. Blue, green and orange emissions are observed for these ZnS. The blue emission (430 nm) from ZnS without treatment is attributed to surface states. ZnS sintered at 873 K displays orange luminescence (620 nm) while ZnS treated at 1173 K shows green emission (515 nm). The green luminescence is assigned to the electron transfer from sulfur vacancies to interstitial sulfur states, and the orange emission is caused by the recombination between interstitial zinc states and zinc vacancies. The lifetimes of the orange emission are much slower than that of the green luminescence and sensitively dependent on the treatment temperature. Controlling defect formation makes ZnS a potential material for photoelectrical applications.