The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes: New prospects for stem cell-derived exosomes.

Periodontitis and diabetes have a bidirectional link, making therapeutic treatment of periodontitis and diabetes challenging. Numerous factors, including microbes, inflammatory cytokines, immune cell activity, glucose levels, and metabolic disorders, contribute to the bidirectional relationship of periodontitis and diabetes. Basic periodontal treatment, medication, surgical treatment, and combined treatment are the most widely used treatments, but their efficacy are limited. Because of their capacity to support bone remodeling and tissue regeneration and restoration, reduce blood glucose levels, restore islet function, and ameliorate local and systemic inflammation, stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a possible therapeutic. In this review, we summarize the utilization of stem cell-derived exosomes in periodontitis and diabetes，discuss their potential mechanisms in periodontitis and diabetes bidirectional promoters. It provides some theoretical basis for using stem cell-derived exosomes to regulate the bidirectional link between periodontitis and diabetes.

Potential angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and antifibrotic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an intricate systemic autoimmune disease with pathological features such as vascular injury, immune dysregulation, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and multiple organs. Treatment options are limited; however, recently, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been acknowledged in preclinical and clinical trials as being useful in treating autoimmune diseases and are likely superior to MSCs alone. Recent research has also shown that MSC-EVs can ameliorate SSc and the pathological changes in vasculopathy, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs on SSc and the mechanisms that have been discovered to provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the role of MSC-EVs in treating SSc.

Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profile and functional analysis in periodontitis and Parkinson's disease.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease inextricably linked to both the innate and acquired immune systems of the body. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by immune system dysfunction. Although recent studies suggest that a clinical relationship exists between PD and periodontitis, the pathogenesis of this relationship is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we obtained datasets of periodontitis and PD from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and extracted 785 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 15 common upregulated genes and four common downregulated genes. We performed enrichment analyses of these DEGs using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. We found that the genes were mainly enriched in keratinocyte differentiation, neuronal cell bodies, and structural constituents of epidermis terms, and pathways such as immune response and synaptic pathways. In addition, we screened matching hub genes by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network map and a Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) map using the Cytoscape software. The hub genes were then subjected to GO enrichment analysis, which revealed that the dopamine biosynthetic process, dopaminergic synapse and dopamine-binding terms, and dopaminergic synapse and serotonergic synapse pathways were primarily where they were expressed. Finally, we selected four of these genes for validation in the periodontitis and PD datasets, and we confirmed that these hub genes were highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing and monitoring PD and periodontitis. In conclusion, the above experimental results indicate that periodontitis is a high-risk factor for PD, and the association between these two conditions is mainly manifested in immune and dopamine-related pathways. Hub genes, such as the CDSN, TH, DDC, and SLC6A3 genes, may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosing or detecting PD.