Regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.

The endoplasmic reticulum, a key cellular organelle, regulates a wide variety of cellular activities. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover, remodeling, and proteostasis. In this review, we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system, and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements. We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders. This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.

Furazolidone-induced pulmonary toxicity in Helicobacter pylori infection: Two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a global problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Furazolidone is recommended to eradicate H. pylori infections in China owing to the highly associated antibiotic resistance. CASE SUMMARY: This article presents two cases of lung injury caused by furazolidone treatment of H. pylori infection and the relevant literature review. Two patients developed symptoms, including fever, cough, and fatigue after receiving a course of furazolidone for H. pylori infection. Chest computed tomography showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates. Laboratory studies revealed elevated blood eosinophil count. After discontinuing furazolidone with or without the use of corticosteroids, the symptoms improved rapidly. A PubMed database literature search revealed three reported cases of lung injury suggestive of furazolidone-induced pulmonary toxicity. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of the side effects associated with the administration of furazolidone to eradicate H. pylori infection.