RESUMO
The prevalence of hypertension sharply increases in menopausal women. Recent studies have demonstrated that aerobic or resistance training may help control hypertension. In this study, we report that combining aerobic and resistance training may provide an effective therapeutic approach for hypertension control, attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were distributed into four groups: sedentary control (C), sedentary hypertensive (HR), sedentary hypertensive ovariectomized (HR-O), and combined trained hypertensive ovariectomized (T-HR-O). Combined exercise training was performed on a motor treadmill (aerobic training) and on a ladder adapted to rats (resistance training), in alternate days for 8 weeks. Direct arterial pressure was recorded and oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated in cardiac and renal tissue. Ovariectomy increases increased mean arterial blood pressure, sympathetic modulation, and oxidative stress in SHR. Combining aerobic and resistance training reduced mean arterial blood pressure (12% vs. HR-O), heart rate (8% vs. HR-O), vascular sympathetic modulation (40% vs. HR-O), and improved baroreflex sensitivity. Combined training reduced cardiac inflammation (TNF and IL-6) and cardiac and renal lipoperoxidation (59% and 57%, respectively vs. HR-O). It also enhanced cardiac (71%) and renal (76%) total antioxidant capacity when compared to HR-O group. In conclusion, combining aerobic and resistance training improves mean arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular autonomic control, preventing cardiac and renal oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental hypertension model with surgical menopause induced with ovariectomy.
RESUMO
Introdução: Achados da literatura sugerem que oscilações dos hormônios sexuais femininos podem alterar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Objetivo: Comparar o VO2max entre ratos machos (M, n=8), fêmeas nas fases ovulatórias (OV, n=8) ou não-ovulatórias (NOV, n=8) do ciclo estral e ooforectomizadas (OS, n=8). Métodos: A avaliação do consumo de oxigênio foi realizada em esteira rolante com caixa metabólica acoplada. Resultados: Em repouso, o VO2 foi semelhante entre os grupos estudados. O grupo M apresentou maior VO2max em relação ao grupo NOV, mas valores semelhantes ao do grupo OV. O VO2max foi menor no grupo ooforectomizado (OS: 62±3 ml.kg-1.min-1) quando comparado aos demais grupos (M: 92±2; NOV: 77±4; OV: 87±3 ml.kg-1.min-1). Conclusões: Esses achados evidenciam que a variação hormonal decorrente das diferentes fases do ciclo estral e da privação dos hormônios ovarianos pode induzir alterações no consumo máximo de oxigênio em ratos. .
Introduction: Literature findings suggest that fluctuations of female sex hormones may change the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Objective: To compare the VO2 max among male rats (M, n = 8), female rats on ovulatory (OV, n=8) or non-ovulatory (NOV, n=8) phases of the estrous cycle and ovariectomized (OS, n=8). Methods: The evaluation of oxygen consumption was performed on a treadmill coupled with metabolic box. Results: At rest VO2 was similar among groups. The M group had a higher VO2 max compared to the NOV group, however showed similar values when compared to OV group. The VO2 max was lower in the ovariectomized group (OS: 62±3 ml.kg-1.min-1) compared to other groups (M: 92±2; NOV: 77 ± 4; OV: 87 ± 3 ml.kg-1.min-1). Conclusions: These findings suggest that hormonal variation resulting from different phases of the estrous cycle and ovarian hormone deprivation can induce changes in maximal oxygen uptake in rats. .
Introducción: Hallazgos de la literatura sugieren que oscilaciones de las hormonas sexuales femeninas pueden alterar el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max). Objetivo: Comparar el VO2max entre ratas machos (M, n=8), hembras en las fases ovulatorias (OV, n=8) o no ovulatorias (NOV, n=8) del ciclo estral y ooforectomizadas (OS, n=8). Métodos: La evaluación del consumo de oxígeno fue realizada en cinta rodante con caja metabólica acoplada. Resultados: En reposo, el VO2 fue semejante entre los grupos estudiados. El grupo M presentó mayor VO2max en relación al grupo NOV, pero valores semejantes a los del grupo OV. El VO2max fue menor en el grupo ooforectomizado (OS: 62±3 ml.kg-1.min-1) cuando comparado a los demás grupos (MS: 92±2; NOV: 77±4; OV: 87±3 ml.kg-1.min-1). Conclusiones: Esos hallazgos evidencian que la variación hormonal proveniente de las diferentes fases del ciclo estral y de la privación de las hormonas ováricas puede inducir alteraciones en el consumo máximo de oxígeno en ratas. .
