Axicabtagene ciloleucel for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the most common hematological malignancies, which despite improvements in chemo-immunotherapy, carry a uniformly poor prognosis in the relapsed/refractory setting. CD19 is an antigen expressed on the surface of most malignancies arising from the B cells, and adoptive transfer of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells has been shown to be effective in treating these B-cell malignancies. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel, KTE-C19) is an autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy which has shown high overall response rates and a manageable safety profile in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies who lack effective and curative treatment options. Axi-cel is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, high-grade B-cell lymphoma and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma, and is also being evaluated in other B-cell malignancies in ongoing clinical trials. In this review we will discuss the mechanism of action of axi-cel, clinical trials leading to its FDA approval, ongoing clinical trials and its potential adverse effects, and will speculate on the future directions of axi-cel and CAR T-cell therapy in general.

Self-assembled air-stable magnesium hydride embedded in 3-D activated carbon for reversible hydrogen storage.

The rational design of stable, inexpensive catalysts with excellent hydrogen dynamics and sorption characteristics under realistic environments for reversible hydrogen storage remains a great challenge. Here, we present a simple and scalable strategy to fabricate a monodispersed, air-stable, magnesium hydride embedded in three-dimensional activated carbon with periodic synchronization of transition metals (MHCH). The high surface area, homogeneous distribution of MgH2 nanoparticles, excellent thermal stability, high energy density, steric confinement by carbon, and robust architecture of the catalyst resulted in a noticeable enhancement of the hydrogen storage performance. The resulting MHCH-5 exhibited outstanding hydrogen storage performance, better than that of most reported Mg-based hydrides, with a high storage density of 6.63 wt% H2, a rapid kinetics loading in <5 min at 180 °C, superior reversibility, and excellent long-term cycling stability over ∼435 h. The significant reduction of the enthalpy and activation energy observed in the MHCH-5 demonstrated enhancement of the kinetics of de-/hydrogenation compared to that of commercial MgH2. The origin of the intrinsic hydrogen thermodynamics was elucidated via solid state 1H NMR. This work presents a readily scaled-up strategy towards the design of realistic catalysts with superior functionality and stability for applications in reversible hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells.

A High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Method for Simultaneous Determination of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride and Naproxen Sodium in Tablets.

A rapid and simple high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method with densitometry at 230 nm was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) and naproxen sodium (NPS) from pharmaceutical preparation. The separation was carried out on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using mobile phase toluene:methanol:glacial acetic acid (7.5:1:0.2, v/v/v). The linearity range lies between 200 and 1200 ng/band for DPH and 1760 and 10,560 ng/band for NPS with correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.995, respectively. The R f value for DPH is 0.20 ± 0.05 and for NPS is 0.61 ± 0.06. % Recoveries of DPH and NPS was in the range of 99.70%-99.95% and 99.63%-99.95%, respectively. Limit of detection value for DPH was 13.21 ng/band and for NPS was 8.03 ng/band. Limit of quantitation value for DPH was 40.06 ng/band and for NPS was 24.34 ng/band. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. In stability testing, DPH was found unstable to acid and alkaline hydrolysis, and DPH and NPS were found unstable to oxidation, whereas both the drugs were stable to neutral and photodegradation. The proposed method was successfully applied for the routine quantitative analysis of dosage form containing DPH and NPS.

Nanostructured SnS-N-doped graphene as an advanced electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction.

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via water splitting requires the development of advanced and inexpensive electrocatalysts to replace expensive platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. The scalable hydrothermal synthesis of SnS on N-reduced graphene (N-rGr) sheets is presented for the first time, which is used as a highly-active electrocatalyst with long-term stability in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media. This hybrid catalyst reveals a low overpotential of -125 mV, Tafel slope of 38 mV dec(-1), exchange current density of 6.23 mA cm(-2), onset potential of 59 mV, and long-term durability.

Fabrication of ZnFe2O4 films and its application in photoelectrocatalytic degradation of salicylic acid.

ZnFe2O4 thin films are successfully deposited onto bare and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated quartz substrate using the spray pyrolysis method. The structure and morphology of ZnFe2O4 photoelectrodes were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the polycrystalline nature of films with a spinel cubic crystal structure. The AFM micrographs shows the granular nature of the films. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss shows dispersion behavior as a function of frequency measured in the range from 20Hz to 1MHz. Photoelectrocatalysis degradation of salicylic acid using ZnFe2O4 photoelectrode under sunlight illumination has been investigated. The result shows that the degradation percentage of salicylic acid on ZnFe2O4 photoelectrodes is reached 49% under neutral conditions after 320min illumination. The decrease in values of COD from 19.4mg/L to 6.4mg/L indicates there is mineralization of salicylic acid with time.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of sprayed Au doped ferric oxide thin films for salicylic acid degradation in aqueous medium.

Various doping percentage of Au were successfully introduced into the Fe2O3 photocatalysts via a spray pyrolysis method different. The effect of Au doping on photoelectrochemical, structural, optical and morphological properties of these deposited thin films is studied. The PEC characterization shows that, the photocurrent increases gradually with increasing Au content initially up to 2at.% indicating the maximum values of short circuit current (Isc) and open circuit voltage (Voc) are (Isc=90µA and Voc=220.5mV) and then decreases after exceeding the optimal Au doping content. Therefore, the photocurrent of Au doped Fe2O3 photocatalysts can be adjusted by the Au content. Deposited films are polycrystalline with a rhombohedral crystal structure having (104) preferred orientation. SEM and AFM images show deposited thin films are compact and uniform. The photocatalytic activities of the Fe2O3 and Au:Fe2O3 photocatalyst were evaluated by photoelectrocatalytic degradation of salicylic acid under sunlight irradiation. The results show that the Au:Fe2O3 thin film photocatalyst exhibited about 45% more degradation of pollutants than the pure Fe2O3. Thus, in Au doped Fe2O3 photocatalysts, the interaction between Au and Fe2O3 reduces the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and improve the photocatalytic activity.

Photodegradation of organic pollutants using N-titanium oxide catalyst.

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of typical aromatic compounds with persistent reaction rate is studied using thin layers of N-titanium dioxide deposited on transparent and conducting glass substrates. Backside illuminated flow-through parallel plate photoelectrochemical reactors is used and electrical bias for suppressing charge carrier recombination is applied externally. The degradation experiments are performed under solar irradiation with the conditions aimed at reducing contaminant concentrations to maximal tolerated levels as specified under environmental regulations. From the observed COD-time relations, rate constants normalized to unit volume and photocurrent (kinetic parameters), characterizing the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation process involving photogenerated valence band holes or their immediate reaction products, are calculated and compared to the decrease of optical extinction of the solutions. The parameters for salicylic acid, 4-chlorophenol, benzoic acid and oxalic acid are found to decrease as the main absorption peaks of these substances diminish in due course of degradation reaction. In order to realize a complete mineralization of such compounds, which should be an ultimate aim of water purification, COD and TOC is analyzed.

Remediation of wastewater: role of hydroxyl radicals.

The photocatalytic oxidation of wastewater with TiO2 and coupling effect of different advanced oxidation processes onto the oxidation of wastewater has been studied. A basic mechanism involved during oxidation has been reported. The role of hydroxyl radical in the breakdown of the wastewater is elucidated through determining the degradation rates, kinetics, analyzing transformation intermediates and studies using computational chemistry methods. In order to realize a complete mineralization of wastewater COD, BOD and TOC analysis has been carried out.

Oxidative degradation of industrial wastewater using spray deposited TiO2/Au:Fe2O3 bilayered thin films.

The Fe2O3, Au:Fe2O3, TiO2/Fe2O3 and TiO2/Au:Fe2O3 thin films are successfully prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique at an optimised substrate temperature of 400 °C and 470 °C, respectively onto amorphous and F:SnO2 coated glass substrates. The effect of TiO2 layer onto photoelectrochemical (PEC), structural, optical and morphological properties of Fe2O3, Au:Fe2O3, TiO2/Fe2O3 and TiO2/Au:Fe2O3 thin films is studied. The PEC characterization shows that, maximum values of short circuit current (Isc) and open circuit voltage (Voc) are (Isc = 185 µA and Voc = 450 mV) are at 38 nm thickness of TiO2. Deposited films are polycrystalline with a rhombohedral and anatase crystal structure having (104) preferred orientation. SEM and AFM images show deposited thin films are compact and uniform with seed like grains. The photocatalytic activities of the large surface area (64 cm(2)) TiO2/Au:Fe2O3 thin film photocatalysts were evaluated by photoelectrocatalytic degradation of industrial wastewater under sunlight light irradiation. The results show that the TiO2/Au:Fe2O3 thin film photocatalyst exhibited about 87% and 94% degradation of pollutant in sugarcane and textile industrial wastewater, respectively. The significant reduction in COD and BOD values from 95 mg/L to 13 mg/L and 75 mg/L to 11 mg/L, respectively was also observed.

Visible light catalysis of rhodamine B using nanostructured Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2) and TiO(2)/Fe(2)O(3) thin films.

The Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2) and TiO(2)/Fe(2)O(3) composite films are deposited using spray pyrolysis method onto glass and FTO coated substrates. The structural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic properties of Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2) and TiO(2)/Fe(2)O(3) thin films are studied. XRD analysis confirms that films are polycrystalline with rhombohedral and tetragonal crystal structures for Fe2O3 and TiO(2) respectively. The photocatalytic activity was tested for the degradation of Rhrodamine B (Rh B) in aqueous medium. The rate constant (-k) was evaluated as a function of the initial concentration of species. Substantial reduction in concentrations of organic species was observed from COD and TOC analysis. Photocatalytic degradation effect is relatively higher in case of the TiO(2)/Fe(2)O(3) than TiO(2) and Fe(2)O(3) thin film photoelectrodes in the degradation of Rh B and 98% removal efficiency of Rh B is obtained after 20min. The photocatalytic experimental results indicate that TiO(2)/α-Fe(2)O(3) photoelectrode is promising material for removing of water pollutants.

Inhibition of radical-induced DNA strand breaks by water-soluble constituents of coffee: phenolics and caffeine metabolites.

Epidemiological studies have associated coffee consumption with an inverse risk of developing Parkinson's disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. The molecular mechanisms by which low concentrations of the constituents of coffee measured in human plasma can reduce the incidence of such diseases are not clear. Using an in vitro plasmid DNA system and radiolytically generated reactive oxygen species under constant radical scavenging conditions, we have shown that coffee chlorogenic acid, its derivatives and certain metabolites of caffeine reduce some of the free radical damage sustained to the DNA. A reduction in the amount of prompt DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) was observed for all compounds whose radical one-electron reduction potential is < 1.0 V. However, except for chlorogenic acid, the compounds were found to be inactive in reducing the amount of radical damage to the DNA bases. These results support a limited antioxidant role for such compounds in their interaction with DNA radicals.

Photoelectrochemical properties of highly mobilized Li-doped ZnO thin films.

Li-doped ZnO thin films with preferred (002) orientation have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique in aqueous medium on to the corning glass substrates. The effect of Li-doping on to the photoelectrochemical, structural, morphological, optical, luminescence, electrical and thermal properties has been investigated. XRD and Raman study indicates that the films have hexagonal crystal structure. The transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, extinction coefficient and bandgap have been analyzed by optical study. PL spectra consist of a near band edge and visible emission due to the electronic defects, which are related to deep level emissions, such as oxide antisite (OZn), interstitial zinc (Zni), interstitial oxygen (Oi) and zinc vacancy (VZn). The Li-doped ZnO films prepared for 1at% doping possesses the highest electron mobility of 102cm(2)/Vs and carrier concentration of 3.62×10(19)cm(-3). Finally, degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene using Li-doped ZnO thin films has been reported.

Oxidative degradation of acid orange 7 using Ag-doped zinc oxide thin films.

Ag-doped ZnO thin films with preferred c-axis orientation along (002) have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique in aqueous medium on to the corning glass substrates. The effect of Ag-doping on to the photoelectrochemical, structural, morphological, optical, luminescence, electrical and thermal properties has been investigated. XRD and Raman study indicates that the films have hexagonal (wurtzite) crystal structure. The effect of Ag loading on the photocatalytic activity of Ag-doped ZnO in the degradation of azo dye is studied and results are compared with pure ZnO. The results show that the rate of degradation of azo dye over Ag-doped ZnO is much higher as compared to pure ZnO. Ag doping in ZnO is highly effective and can significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of azo dye. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity of Ag-doped ZnO thin films is mainly due to their smaller crystallite size and capability for reducing the electron-hole pair recombination. Kinetic parameters have been investigated in terms of a first order rate equation. The rate constant (-k) for this heterogeneous photocatalysis is evaluated as a function of the initial concentration of original species. Substantial reduction in azo dye is achieved as analyzed from COD and TOC studies.

Size dependent electron-phonon coupling in N, Li, In, Ga, F and Ag doped ZnO thin films.

Polarized micro-Raman measurements are performed to study the phonon modes of N, Li, In, Ga, F and Ag doped ZnO thin films, grown by spray pyrolysis on corning glass substrates. The E(2)(high) mode displays a visible asymmetric line shape. The size and dopant dependence onto coupling strength between electron and LO phonon is experimentally estimated.

Hydroxyl radical's role in the remediation of wastewater.

The photocatalytic degradation of wastewater with ZnO based photocatalysts under solar illumination has been investigated. Advanced oxidation processes such as photoelectrocatalysis, sonolysis and H(2)O(2) treatment show promise in eliminating the dangers of exposure to wastewater and the products of their natural breakdown. A basic understanding of the mechanistic details involved in the oxidative transformations remains the key for improving the effectiveness of the advanced oxidation processes. The role of hydroxyl radical in the breakdown of the wastewater is elucidated through determining the degradation rates, analyzing transformation intermediates and studies using computational chemistry methods. In order to realize a complete mineralization of wastewater COD, BOD and TOC analysis has been carried out.

Photocatalytic degradation of toluene using sprayed N-doped ZnO thin films in aqueous suspension.

Thin films of N-doped ZnO are synthesized via spray pyrolysis technique in aqueous medium using zinc acetate and ammonium acetate as precursors. Influence of N doping onto photochemical, structural, morphological, optical and thermal properties have been investigated. Structural analysis depicts hexagonal (wurtzite) crystal structure. The effect of N doping on the photocatalytic activity of N-doped ZnO in the degradation of toluene is studied and results are compared with pure ZnO. The results show that the rate of degradation of toluene over N-doped ZnO is higher as compared to that of pure ZnO and increases with increasing N doping up to 10 at.% and then decreases. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity of N-doped ZnO thin films is mainly due to their capability for reducing the electron hole pair recombination. The photocatalytic mineralization of toluene in aqueous solution has been studied by measuring COD and TOC. Possible reaction mechanism pathways during toluene degradation over N-doped ZnO has been proposed.

Photoelectrocatalytic decolorization and degradation of textile effluent using ZnO thin films.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been successfully deposited onto fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass at substrate temperature of 400 °C and used as electrode in photoelectrocatalytic reactor. The untreated textile effluent was circulated through photoelectrocatalytic reactor under UVA illumination for the decolorization and degradation. Textile effluent was decolorized by 93% within 3h at room temperature with significant reduction in COD (69%). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of samples before and after decolorization confirmed the degradation of dyes molecules from textile effluent into simpler oxidizable products. Phytotoxicity study revealed reduction in toxic nature of textile effluent after treatment.

Photo-corrosion inhibition and photoactivity enhancement with tailored zinc oxide thin films.

The nanocrystalline ZnO, TiO(2) and ZnO/TiO(2) films are deposited onto FTO-coated glass substrates by using spray pyrolysis technique. The structural, morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of the ZnO, TiO(2) and ZnO/TiO(2) are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. XRD analysis shows that films are polycrystalline and having hexagonal and tetragonal crystal structure for pure ZnO and TiO(2). The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue has been investigated with ZnO, TiO(2) and ZnO/TiO(2) photocatalysts. ZnO/TiO(2) thin films have proved quite effective mineralization of methylene blue, while pure ZnO and TiO(2) do not lead complete mineralization of methylene blue. The metabolites produced during degradation are analyzed by HPLC and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The by-products detected during degradation have been identified by GCMS technique.

Zinc oxide mediated heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic species under solar radiation.

The photocatalytic decomposition of eco-persistent toluene, salicylic acid and 4-chlorophenol with sun light in an oxygenated aqueous suspension has been studied under nanocrystalline hexagonal ZnO photocatalyst. The effect of substrate temperature onto the structural, morphological and photoactive properties has been investigated. The degradation of toluene, salicylic acid and 4-chlorophenol were achieved using a photoelectrochemical reactor module equipped with synthesized ZnO electrodes. Kinetic parameters have been investigated in terms of a first order rate equation. The rate constant (-k) for this heterogeneous photocatalysis was evaluated as a function of the initial concentration of original species. Substantial reduction in concentrations of toluene, salicylic acid and 4-chlorophenol was achieved as analyzed from COD and TOC studies. The mechanism for the degradation of toluene, salicylic acid and 4-chlorophenol could be explained on the basis of Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.

Photocatalytic activity of sea water using TiO2 catalyst under solar light.

Wastewater is generally released into the rivers and streams in developing countries. Industrial wastewater usually contains highly toxic pollutants, cyanides, chlorinated compounds. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight also decomposes organic compounds by oxidation process. However, the process is less effective due to large amount of toxic effluent entering in the main stream of water. The solar radiation can effectively be applied to accelerate the process by using suitable catalyst for economically cleaning the water sources. This paper describes the photocatalytic degradation of the sea water using novel approach of photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactor module consisting of nine photoelectrochemical cells equipped with spray deposited TiO2 catalysts under solar light. The resulted water samples were studied for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis. The complete mineralization of degraded sample was confirmed by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, COD measurement and estimation of the formation of inorganic ions such as NH4(+), NO3⁻, Cl⁻ and SO²â»4. Microbiological examinations are performed to determine the bacterial analysis. This implies that photoelectrocatalysis could be a promising way for improving water quality in developing countries with low cost and clean energy reliable resource.