Lzts1 controls both neuronal delamination and outer radial glial-like cell generation during mammalian cerebral development.

In the developing central nervous system, cell departure from the apical surface is the initial and fundamental step to form the 3D, organized architecture. Both delamination of differentiating cells and repositioning of progenitors to generate outer radial glial cells (oRGs) contribute to mammalian neocortical expansion; however, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that Lzts1, a molecule associated with microtubule components, promotes both cell departure events. In neuronally committed cells, Lzts1 functions in apical delamination by altering apical junctional organization. In apical RGs (aRGs), Lzts1 expression is variable, depending on Hes1 expression levels. According to its differential levels, Lzts1 induces diverse RG behaviors: planar division, oblique divisions of aRGs that generate oRGs, and their mitotic somal translocation. Loss-of-function of lzts1 impairs all these cell departure processes. Thus, Lzts1 functions as a master modulator of cellular dynamics, contributing to increasing complexity of the cerebral architecture during evolution.

Diets with no or low amounts of dietary fiber can reduce small intestinal ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs.

Recent progress in endoscopic techniques has revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often cause ulcers in the small intestine in humans, but effective therapy is not available at present. In the present study, we investigated the effects of feeding condition and the amount of dietary fiber (DF) in the diet on the formation of gastrointestinal ulcers induced by NSAIDs in dogs. Several types of diets containing various percentages of DF were given to dogs. Indomethacin (1 or 3 mg/kg, p.o.), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg, s.c.), or fulnixin (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered once daily at 10 a.m. after a morning meal or without a morning meal (fasted condition) for 3 - 7 days. Gastrointestinal lesions were examined 24 h after the final dose of the drugs. When indomethacin (3 mg/kg) was administered after a morning meal (fed condition) for 7 days, it produced many lesions in the small intestine. However, when it was given in the fasted condition without the morning meal, the lesions were markedly decreased. All the NSAIDs given after feeding of regular dry food containing 6% DF once a day for 3 days produced many lesions in the small intestine. The lesions were decreased or increased in dogs given prescription diets containing low DF (1.1%) and high DF (15.4%), respectively. Furthermore, lesions were not observed in dogs given canned diet containing very low DF (< 0.1%), whereas lesions appeared again in dogs given canned diet supplemented with cellulose (3 or 10%) but not with pectin (10%). These results suggested that both feeding condition and insoluble DF, such as cellulose in the diet, play an important role in the formation of NSAID-induced small intestinal lesions, and that a diet with no or low amounts of DF may decrease gastrointestinal side-effects associated with the use of NSAIDs.

Positional cloning of a Bombyx pink-eyed white egg locus reveals the major role of cardinal in ommochrome synthesis.

Ommochromes are major insect pigments involved in coloration of compound eyes, eggs, epidermis and wings. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, adult compound eyes and eggs contain a mixture of the ommochrome pigments such as ommin and xanthommatin. Here, we identified the gene involved in ommochrome biosynthesis by positional cloning of B. mori egg and eye color mutant pink-eyed white egg (pe). The recessive homozygote of pe has bright red eyes and white or pale pink eggs instead of a normal dark coloration due to the decrease of dark ommochrome pigments. By genetic linkage analysis, we narrowed down the pe-linked region to ~258 kb, containing 17 predicted genes. RNA sequencing analyses showed that the expression of one candidate gene, the ortholog of Drosophila haem peroxidase cardinal, coincided with egg pigmentation timing, similar to other ommochrome-related genes such as Bm-scarlet and Bm-re. In two pe strains, a common missense mutation was found within a conserved motif of B. mori cardinal homolog (Bm-cardinal). RNA interference-mediated knockdown and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated knockout of the Bm-cardinal gene produced the same phenotype as pe in terms of egg, adult eye and larval epidermis coloration. A complementation test of the pe mutant with the TALEN-mediated Bm-cardinal-deficient strain showed that the mutant phenotype could not be rescued, indicating that Bm-cardinal is responsible for pe. Moreover, knockdown of the cardinal homolog in Tribolium castaneum also induced red compound eyes. Our results indicate that cardinal plays a major role in ommochrome synthesis of holometabolous insects.

Dysbindin-1, WAVE2 and Abi-1 form a complex that regulates dendritic spine formation.

Genetic variations in dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin-binding protein-1) are one of the most commonly reported variations associated with schizophrenia. As schizophrenia could be regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from abnormalities of synaptic connectivity, we attempted to clarify the function of dysbindin-1 in neuronal development. We examined the developmental change of dysbindin-1 in rat brain by western blotting and found that a 50 kDa isoform is highly expressed during the embryonic stage, whereas a 40 kDa one is detected at postnatal day 11 and increased thereafter. Immunofluorescent analyses revealed that dysbindin-1 is enriched at the spine-like structure of primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We identified WAVE2, but not N-WASP, as a binding partner for dysbindin-1. We also found that Abi-1, a binding molecule for WAVE2 involved in spine morphogenesis, interacts with dysbindin-1. Although dysbindin-1, WAVE2 and Abi-1 form a ternary complex, dysbindin-1 promoted the binding of WAVE2 to Abi-1. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of dysbindin-1 led to the generation of abnormally elongated immature dendritic protrusions. The present results indicate possible functions of dysbindin-1 at the postsynapse in the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis through the interaction with WAVE2 and Abi-1.

Molecular characterization of a gene encoding juvenile hormone esterase in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Juvenile hormone esterases (JHEs) are required for the degradation of juvenile hormones (JHs) in insects. Here, we report the cloning and analysis of the jhe gene in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a model insect of Coleoptera. The Tcjhe gene was strongly expressed at the final instar larva, as would be expected if it functioned to decrease the JH titer at this stage. A recombinant TcJHE protein efficiently degraded JH III, suggesting that the enzyme functions in vivo as a JH-specific degradation enzyme. This is the first report describing the developmental expression profile of the jhe gene whose enzymatic activity was shown in Coleoptera, and the new data reported here will aid elucidation of the mechanism of JH titer regulation in insects.

Characterization of a vitellogenin gene reveals two phase regulation of vitellogenesis by engorgement and mating in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae).

Synthesis of the precursor yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg) occurs after engorgement in haematophagous arthropods. We identified the Vg cDNA of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (OmVg) and compared its expression in mated and virgin females. Both mated and virgin females showed increases in OmVg expression after engorgement but expression was higher in mated females than virgin females particularly as time advanced. Delayed mating in virgin females induced an increase in OmVg expression. OmVg expression was observed in the midgut and fat body by whole mount in situ hybridization, but enlarged fat body with high expression occurred in only mated females during the late phase of vitellogenesis. Therefore, engorgement initially induces OmVg expression but mating is necessary for continued Vg expression to produce mature eggs.

Dimorphic expression of dmrt1 and cyp19a1 (ovarian aromatase) during early gonadal development in pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis.

The pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) is a teleost fish with strong temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Several studies have shown that dmrt1 and gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1) are implicated in the sex differentiation process in teleosts but little is known on the expression balance and endocrine regulation of these two genes during TSD. This study was designed to clarify the expression patterns of both genes during gonadal sex differentiation of pejerrey reared at female-, male- and mixed-sex-producing temperatures (FPT, MPT, and MixPT, respectively). The expression of dmrt1 was found to be significantly higher during gonadal sex differentiation at MPT compared to FPT. Conversely, cyp19a1 expression clearly increased during differentiation at FPT but not at MPT. The expression of both genes at MixPT showed a dimorphic profile with individual values resembling either those at the MPT or FPT. Administration of exogenous 17beta-estradiol down- and up-regulated the expression of dmrt1 and cyp19a1, respectively, regardless of temperature, and rescued the female phenotype at the MPT. However, treatment with the aromatase inhibitor Fadrozole caused masculinization without changing the pattern of gene expression. These results are strong evidence of the involvement of both genes in the gonadal differentiation process of pejerrey. The involvement of estradiol is discussed.

Cloning and expression of the ecdysteroid receptor during ecdysis and reproduction in females of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae).

Molecular mechanisms of ecdysteroid regulation in development and reproduction have been thoroughly investigated in Diptera and Lepidoptera, but few studies report the molecular actions of ecdysteroids in hemimetabolous insects and more primitive arthropods. Ecdysteroids appear to be the main hormones regulating development and vitellogenesis in ticks. An ecdysteroid receptor that showed high homology with EcRs of other arthropods was isolated from Ornithodoros moubata (OmEcRA). OmEcR expression patterns coincided with ecdysteroid titres in the haemolymph during moulting and vitellogenesis and differed between mated and virgin females. Therefore, OmEcR appears to mediate the regulation of moulting and vitellogenesis by ecdysteroids in O. moubata females as seen in other arthropods.

[Yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum and pulmonary metastases; report of a case].

A 31-year-old female was clinically diagnosed as having a anterior mediastinal yolk sac tumor because of the elevation of the AFP (17,500 ng/ml), a large mass lesion (9 x 5 cm) in the anterior mediastinum and bilateral lung metastases. After 4 courses of chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (VP-16) and bleomycin hydrochloride (BLM), the mediastinal mass reduced in size significantly and the serum AFP level reached within normal range. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed a weak uptake in the mediastinum, accordingly the operation was performed. The tumor was completely removed and there were no viable foci of the tumor in part of the tumor. After the operation, 4 courses of chemotherapy with carboplatin (CBDCA), VP-16 and ifosfamide (IFM) were performed. She is alive without evidence of recurrence in 5 months after operation. It was noticed that the serum AFP is a useful indicator for determing the chance of operation after chemotherapy.

Hormonal control of a metamorphosis-specific transcriptional factor Broad-Complex in silkworm.

Insect metamorphosis is induced by the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the absence of sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). In Drosophila melanogaster, the Broad-Complex (BR-C) transcriptional factor plays critical roles during metamorphosis. We isolated cDNAs encoding BR-C in the silkworm Bombyx mori and examined their mRNA expression. cDNAs for three BR-C isoforms with zinc finger pairs (Z1, Z2 and Z4) and four isoforms lacking them were cloned. Their mRNAs were expressed in multiple tissues at the larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the anterior silk gland, BR-C mRNAs were expressed at the end of the last larval instar but not expressed during the penultimate instar. 20E administration induced BR-C mRNA expression and JH suppressed 20E-induced BR-C expression in this tissue both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, BR-C mRNAs are inducible by 20E only in the absence of JH, a finding that explains their metamorphosis-specific expression.

Review of combination of peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis as a modality of treatment for end-stage renal disease.

Because the contribution of residual renal function (RRF) to total solute clearance is often significant in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), loss of RRF over time can lead to inadequate dialysis if appropriate prescription management strategies are not pursued. Additionally, declines in ultrafiltration caused by increases in peritoneal permeability may limit continuation of CAPD therapy. Peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (PD + HD) combination therapy (complementary dialysis therapy) is an alternative method. This therapy allows the patient to maintain daily activities, as with CAPD, while undergoing once-a-week HD supplements for the insufficient removal of solutes and water. This therapy allows for the continuation of PD without shifting to total HD in PD patients who continue to have uremic symptoms even after individualization of the PD prescription. This treatment option is psychologically more acceptable to patients and may be expected to provide such accompanying beneficial effects as peritoneal resting, improvement of QOL and reduction in medical cost.

cDNA cloning and characterization of Bombyx mori juvenile hormone esterase: an inducible gene by the imidazole insect growth regulator KK-42.

The insect growth regulator (IGR) imidazole KK-42 induces hemolymph juvenile hormone esterase activity and precocious metamorphosis in Bombyx mori. As an initial step to understand the molecular action of KK-42, we isolated a full-length of juvenile hormone esterase cDNA from B. mori (BmJHE). The deduced amino acid sequence of BmJHE showed high identity to JHEs of Heliothis virescens (54%) and Choristoneura fumiferana (52%). Recombinant BmJHE protein expressed in the baculovirus expression system hydrolyzed 3H-JH III and JH analog, HEPTAT, indicating that BmJHE cDNA encodes functional JH esterase. Northern blot analysis showed that the BmJHE transcript was present predominantly in the fat body at the beginning of the last larval instar. During this instar, BmJHE transcript increased gradually until day 7, then decreased, and increased again on day 10 in the fat body. This temporary expression pattern was similar to that of JHE enzyme activity in hemolymph. In contrast, in the 4th instar, the BmJHE transcript was present in the fat body even though hemolymph JHE activity was very low. Western blot analysis using anti-BmJHE antiserum showed BmJHE protein was present in hemolymph during the 5th instar but not during the 4th instar. These results indicate that BmJHE protein is secreted into hemolymph at the metamorphic stage. Hemolymph JHE activity was high in precociously metamorphosed 4th instar larvae (treated KK-42) but low in normal 4th and extra-molted 6th instar larvae (fed 20E). KK-42-treated larvae showed high expression level of BmJHE transcript in the fat body, suggesting that KK-42 enhances BmJHE gene expression in the fat body.

[Molecular analysis of malassezia microflora on the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects].

We compared cutaneous colonization levels of Malassezia species in patients with AD and healthy subjects using nested PCR. Malassezia-specific DNA was detected in all 32 of the patients with AD. M. globosa and M. restricta were detected in approximately 90% of these patients, with M. furfur and M. sympodialis being detected in approximately 40% of the cases. In healthy subjects, Malassezia DNA was detected in 78% of the samples, M. globosa, M. restricta and M. sympodialis were detected at frequencies ranging from 44 to 61%, and M. furfur was found in 11% of healthy subjects. Our results suggest that M. furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta and M. sympodialis are common inhabitants of the skin of both AD patients and healthy subjects, while the skin microflora of patients with AD shows more diversity than that of healthy subjects.

Structural studies of a cell wall polysaccharide of Trichosporon asahii containing antigen II.

The structure of a cell-wall polysaccharide containing antigen II from Trichosporon asahii was investigated. A purified glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) antigen was found to contain O-acetyl groups that contribute to the serological reactivity. The structure of GXM was analyzed by partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, controlled Smith degradation, NMR studies, and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. GXM has an alpha-(1-->3)-D-mannan backbone with a beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residue bound to O-2 of a mannopyranosyl residue and the same number of beta-D-xylopyranosyl residues as mannose. Side chains of beta-D-xylopyranosyl-D-xylopyranose, forming a nonreducing terminus, and beta-D-xylopyranosyl residues were attached to O-2, O-4, and O-6 of the mannose residues.

Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora on the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects.

Members of the genus Malassezia, lipophilic yeasts, are considered to be one of the exacerbating factors in atopic dermatitis (AD). We examined variation in cutaneous colonization by Malassezia species in AD patients and compared it with variation in healthy subjects. Samples were collected by applying transparent dressings to the skin lesions of AD patients. DNA was extracted directly from the dressings and amplified in a specific nested PCR assay. Malassezia-specific DNA was detected in all samples obtained from 32 AD patients. In particular, Malassezia globosa and M. restricta were detected in approximately 90% of the AD patients and M. furfur and M. sympodialis were detected in approximately 40% of the cases. The detection rate was not dependent on the type of skin lesion. In healthy subjects, Malassezia DNA was detected in 78% of the samples, among which M. globosa, M. restricta, and M. sympodialis were detected at frequencies ranging from 44 to 61%, with M. furfur at 11%. The diversity of Malassezia species found in AD patients was greater (2.7 species detected in each individual) than that found in healthy subjects (1.8 species per individual). Our results suggest that M. furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta, and M. sympodialis are common inhabitants of the skin of both AD patients and healthy subjects, while the skin microflora of AD patients shows more diversity than that of healthy subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a nested PCR as an alternative to fungal culture for analysis of the distribution of cutaneous Malassezia spp.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the lesser omentum: report of a case.

We describe herein an extremely unusual case of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the lesser omentum. A 45-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with an intra-abdominal mass that was subsequently misdiagnosed as a submucosal tumor of the stomach. The tumor arose from the lesser omentum and was removed without difficulty. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle-shaped cells with an interlacing bundle pattern, and immunohistochemical examination showed that it was positive for myeloid stem cell antigen (CD34), but negative for HHF35 and S-100 protein. These findings were consistent with a GIST lacking myogenic features and neural attributes. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course, and was free of recurrence when last seen 11 months after his operation.

Genetic diversity and biochemical characteristics of Trichosporon asahii isolated from clinical specimens, houses of patients with summer-type-hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and environmental materials.

Trichosporon asahii, which is distributed in the environment, is the major causative agent of the opportunistic infection trichosporonosis, and it also causes summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis (SHP). Random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis was used to determine the intraspecies diversity of 39 T. asahii isolates from clinical specimens, SHP patients' houses, and environmental materials. The three primers used revealed 46 polymorphic bands. A phenogram was generated by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean. Clinical isolates formed a cluster, characterized by a 90% matching coefficient, but they did not cluster with strains isolated from SHP patients' houses or environmental sources. In addition, the biochemical characteristics of 86 strains from three sources were examined with 31 compounds using an ID32C kit, and a phenogram was constructed. The phenogram consisted of three major clusters. Cluster I included most of the clinical SHP isolates, and cluster II included most of the environmental isolates. Cluster III contained only one strain. A remarkable difference was found in the abilities of the strains belonging to clusters I and II to utilize six compounds. These results suggest that the genetic diversity and biochemical characteristics of T. asahii seem to be related to the source of the isolate. We also found a specific DNA fragment for the clinical isolates and strains isolated from SHP patients' houses.

Intraspecies diversity of Cryptococcus albidus isolated from humans as revealed by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions.

The basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus albidus, shows intraspecies diversity, but it is rarely isolated from immunocompromised patients. Nineteen strains of C. albidus, including nine clinical isolates, were re-classified by sequences of their rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The nine clinical isolates were genetically diverse and included both C. albidus and C. diffluens. One clinical isolate, recovered from the blood of an AIDS patient, represented a new species. Only small differences were found in the biochemical and serological characteristics of C. albidus and C. diffluens. All isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, but several isolates were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole. C. albidus heterogeneity should be taken into consideration when identifying clinical isolates.

Two new yeasts, Trichosporon debeurmannianum sp. nov. and Trichosporon dermatis sp. nov., transferred from the Cryptococcus humicola complex.

Cryptococcus humicola, as currently defined, shows intraspecific rRNA gene sequence differences. Three strains of this species produced arthroconidia on cornmeal agar and belonged to the genus Trichosporon in a molecular phylogeny. They clustered with the species possessing Q10 as the major ubiquinone and were serotype I. Sequence analyses clearly revealed that they were two new Trichosporon species. The names Trichosporon dermatis sp. nov. (= CBS 2043T) and Trichosporon debeurmannianum sp. nov. (= CBS 1896T) are proposed for these strains.