[Mineral substance in human nutrition. Manganese: absorbtion and bioavailability].

The review is presented data on absorption and bioavailability of manganese in humans and laboratory animals, as well as the food factors that affect on these processes. There are described the mechanisms of control homeostase of manganese by two main paths: gastrointestinal absorption and excretion via bile. Presented findings define the absorption of manganese as a complex physiological process. The role is discussed of a series of the food factors, first of all iron, as well as fibers, phytates, calcium and some other components of food in absorption and bioavailability of manganese.

[Development of research in physiology and biochemistry of the digestion of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Science for 1930-2005 years].

This is a account of the main stages of formation and development of streamline of investigation of physiology and biochemistry of the digestion of the Institute of Nutrition the Russian Academy of Medical Science setting in 1930 years present time.

[Copper in nutrition man: absorption and bioavailability].

The bioavailability of copper is characterized by the efficiency of gastrointestinal absorption of this microelement and its further utilization. The paths of intestinal absorption of copper, further carrier in the blood and in hepatocites are investigated in the experiences on animals and on healthy volunteers with the use of stable isotopes 65Cu and 63Cu. Enterohepatic circulation and bile secretion control the maintenance of copper nutritional status besides the intestinal absorption of copper. The role of a series of the food factors in absorption of copper in gastrointestinal tract is considered, major of which being proteins, amino acides, fructose, ascorbic acid, phytates, divalent cations and some other components of food.

[Selenium sufficiency in patients with malabsorption syndrome and its optimization with selenium enriched food supplements]. / Obespechennost' selenom bol'nykh s sindromom mal'absorbtsii i vozmozhnosti ee optimizatsii s pomoshch'iu selenosoderzhashchei BAD.

Selenium security was measured in 15 adult patients suffering from malabsorption syndrome, resulted from stomach and small intestine surgical resection consequences. In 7 of them (47%) marked deficiency of this essential trace element was revealed and in other 6 (40%)--suboptimal security. The indices of selenium security in observed patients markedly and significantly (p < 0.003) increased after a 3-week course of dietetic treatment including uptake of organic selenium enriched food supplement in amount equal to 90 mcg Se per day. This dietetic treatment had mild "physiologic" character that became apparent from the observation that the largest serum selenium increase was noticed in patients with largest degree of selenium insufficiency. It's concluded that there is certain testimony for selenium security correction in malabsorption patients by means of selenium enriched food supplement.

[Free radical oxidation and food antioxidants in allergic diseases]. / Svobodnoradikal'noe okislenie i antioksidanty pishchi pri allergicheskikh sostoianiiakh.

The article reviews experimental and clinical data that supports free radicals participation in allergic reactions development. Free radical reactions were shown to take place in activation of first and second order target cells, in cellular interactions participating in allergic inflammation; besides these free radicals initiate lipid peroxidation in target cells and produce shift in eicosanoid metabolism. The review discusses participation of free radicals in allergy pathogenesis and proposes the expedience of food antioxidants utilization in complex treatment and prophylactic of allergic diseases.

[Permeability of intestinal barrier fo macromolecules in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis]. / Otsenka pronitsaemosti kishechnogo bar'era dlia makromolekul u bol'nykh s bolezn'iu Krona i iazvennym kolitom.

Ovalbumin loading enzyme immunoassay was made in 44 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 8 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Enhanced intestinal permeability for macromolecules was found in 87.5 and 65.9% of patients with CD and UC, respectively. Blood serum of UC patients suffering from combination of food intolerance with dysbacteriosis contained ovalbumin in amounts exceeding those in patients without the above disorders 3.4 times (p < 0.05). No significant relationship existed between UC patients' high intestinal permeability and such indices as age, duration of the disease, intestinal lesion extension, administration of corticosteroids. It was found desirable to include ovalbumin intestinal permeability test in examination of UC and CD patients to differentiate treatment policy.

[Lipid peroxidation and various parameters of mineral metabolism in patients with alimentary obesity during therapy with monosodium glutamate]. / Issledovanie perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov i nekotorykh pokazatelei mineral'nogo obmena u bol'nykh alimentarnym ozhireniem pri ispol'zovanii v dietoterapii mononatriia glutamata.

Lipid peroxidation and mineral metabolism were studied in patients with III degree of obesity and bad standing of sodium restricted diet before and after treatment with including in diet of monosodium glutamate (MSG). It was established well being of MSG and absence of negative effect on loss of body mass in course of dietary treatment. MSG caused normalization of level of diene conjugates and some minerals in serum of patients.

[A study of lipid peroxidation in patients with chronic gastritis during administration of a food additive monosodium glutamate]. / Issledovanie perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov u bol'nykh khronicheskimi gastritami pri ispol'zovanii pishchevoi dobavki mononatriia glutamina.

The levels of diene conjugates (DC) and TBA-reactive substances (TBA-RS) were studied in serum blood of patients with gastritis before and after including in diet of monosodium glutamate (MSG). For investigation 15 patients were selected who had unacid or subacid signs determined by histamine test. It was shown that levels of DC and TBA-RS were increased in serum of patients. MSG increased the gastric secretion in patients but had no effect of levels of DC and TBA-RS in serum.

[Use of new domestic foodstuffs in the treatment of digestive system diseases with food intolerance]. / Izpol'zovanie novykh otechestvennykh produktov v lechenii patologii organov pishchevareniia, soprovozhdaiushcheisia pishchevoi neperenosimost'iu.

A clinical trial has been performed of the food Unipit-3 and Laktanal based on cow milk proteins subjected to enzymic hydrolysis, dia- and ultrafiltration. A preliminary immunochemical assay of the above products protein component and its testing in anaphylactic shock reaction in animals demonstrated low sensitizing activity of this protein. The results of the trial of the above hypoallergenic foods in patients with food allergy showed their good tolerance and therapeutic efficacy.

[Characteristics of anaphylaxis in fasting rats]. / Osobennost proiavleniia anafilaksii u krys pri golodanii.

The effect of 4-day fasting was studied in male Wistar rats (200-150 g) sensitized by ovalbumin on anaphylaxis manifestations in vivo, antigen-dependent histamine secretion by mast cells in vitro, concentration of serum specific IgG antibodies. The fasting ended by a shocking allergen dose. It is shown that in the condition of food deprivation anaphylactic severity significantly lowered as well as antigen-dependent histamine secretion by mast cells. No changes were seen in the levels of specific antibodies in the serum.

[The effect of starvation on mast cell functional activity and on the content of microsomal cytochromes in the liver]. / Vliianie golodaniia na funktsional'nuiu aktivnost' tuchnykh kletok i soderzhanie mikrosomal'nykh tsitokhromov v pecheni.

Histamine secretion and ATP levels were measured in mast cells from the abdominal and pleural cavities of Wistar rat males (250-300 g) which had been starving for 2-4 days. Food deprivation had no effect on histamine levels and secretion in exposure to substance 48/80. ATP concentration got reduced from starvation day 2. Food deprivation for 2 days led to decline in the content of cytochromes P-450, P-450B, in the ratio P-450B/P-450L, but had no effect on rat liver cytochrome B5. 4-day starvation did not entail further changes.

[Tolerogenic effect of ovalbumin digestion products forming in the gastrointestinal tract of rats]. / Tolerogennyi éffekt produktov perevarivaniia oval'bumina, obrazuiushchikhsia v zheludochno-kishechnom trakte krys.

The authors studied the tolerogenic effect of ovalbumin digestion products absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract of rats and injected intravenously into mice 24 hours before immunization of these animals with native protein. The preparation is a fraction with a molecular mass of no less than 6,000 daltons obtained by gel filtration of blood serum of ovalbumin fed rats on a column with Sephadex G-25. The titer of antibodies to ovalbumin determined by the passive hemagglutination test reduced on the 14th and 20th days after parenteral immunization with native ovalbumin.

[Quantitative evaluation of the absorption of intact protein macromolecules and their large fragments from the gastro-intestinal tract into internal organs]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka postupleniia nerassheplennykh belkovykh makromolekul i ikh krupnykh fragmentov iz zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta vo vnutrenniuiu sredu organizma.

Basing on the literature data and their own findings, the authors assume that for the summary estimation of absorption of protein antigens, simultaneous assay of their content in the portal blood and lymph would be most correct. The method of dissociation with 8M urea of complexes, formed by blood serum proteins and tissues with low-molecular products of protein splitting, has been proposed for the quantitative estimation of exogenous high-molecular compounds that completely lost antigenic determinants of their initial protein.

[Assessment of the in vitro digestibility of dietary proteins and of the degree of the breakdown of their antigenic structures by using polyenzyme systems]. / Otsenka perevarivaemosti in vitro pishchevykh belkov i stepeni rasshchepleniia ikh antigennykh struktur s ispol'zovaniem polifermentnykh sistem.

A comparative assessment was made of the digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA), chicken ovalbumin (OVA), and casein by means of the gastric juice--duodenal contents floccular gel structures (FGS) system and a four-enzymic system including trypsin, chymotrypsin, peptidase, and bacterial protease preparations. Decomposition of the BSA and OVA antigenic structures with the use of the two systems was also studied. Significant differences in BSA and OVA digestion by the gastric juice--FGS system were detected both with respect to amino nitrogen content and to the degree of their antigenic structure decomposition, whereas no such differences were observed when the four-enzymic system was used. The systems most accurately simulating the 'proteolytic conveyer' conditions of the gastrointestinal tract are preferable for the studies. The developed method is recommended for use in comparative assessment of the nutrient protein sensitizing properties.

[Organ distribution of bovine serum albumin administered intragastrically in the rat]. / Raspredelenie po organam krys bych'ego syvorotochnogo al'bumina pri ego vnutrizheludochnom vvedenii.

Radioimmunoassay was employed to examine distribution of antigenic structures of bovine serum albumin (BSA), absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, in the blood serum and organs of intact rats. It was shown that 3 h after administering 3H-BSA an appreciable amount of its antigenic structures could be identified in the blood serum, liver, spleen, and carcass of the animals. The total amount of antigenic determinants of BSA which got into the internal environment of the body from the intestine amounted to about 0.2% of the dose administered. The highest specific content of antigenic structures of BSA supplied via the intestinal barrier was detected in the spleen.

[Experimental reproduction of food anaphylaxis]. / Eksperimental'noe vosproizvedenie pishchevoi anafilaksii.

The guinea-pigs kept on standard diet given in animal houses and fed some soluble proteins of animal origin demonstrated circulating anaphylactic antibodies and developed anaphylactic sensitivity (to proteins of chicken eggs, normal equine serum and pasteurized cow's milk) marked by a considerable number of lethal outcomes upon intravenous resolution. The severity of anaphylaxis depends on the nature of allergenic proteins, the sensitizing dose and time of resolution. Allergenic properties of proteins correlate with period of the preservation of the antigenic determinants. Immune induction was found to be selective on animals' sensitization with a mixture of allergenic proteins.