RESUMO
The population of Winnebago County in 1918 was approximately 62,000 residents. It consisted of towns supporting diverse manufacturers surrounded by farming country. For this study, records were revisited, and 1918 to 1920 influenza survivors were interviewed. A pharmacological investigation encompassing the various influenza treatments used in Wisconsin from 1918 to 1920 was documented. In 1918, over 180 individuals perished from influenza, and over 2000 cases were reported in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Influenza returned in 1920, which some researchers refer to as the "fourth wave," claiming nearly 50 lives in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. This study also documents the 1920 influenza wave.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/história , Influenza Humana/história , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/terapia , História do Século XX , Humanos , WisconsinRESUMO
Vaccinia virus (VV) is a useful expression vector for many laboratory applications. To date, approximately 60% ( approximately 120) of the VV genes remain uncharacterized. The thought of smallpox being used as a biological weapon has gained attention. In light of this, it is imperative that we continue to study the basic replication of VV, a poxvirus that is closely related to smallpox. A set of plasmid vectors were constructed to generate gene deletions (pZIPPY-NEO/GUS) in VV or for foreign gene expression (pBR-EXPRESS). The vectors contain the Escherichia coli neomycin resistance (neo) and beta-glucuronidase (gusA) genes as selectable markers to facilitate isolation of recombinant viruses. These are the first transfer vectors to use a neo/gusA selection system. We used these vectors to successfully generate a recombinant D9R deletion mutant of VV and to express E. coli lacZ gene. Results indicate that both vectors are highly suited for their designed purpose.
Assuntos
Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Vaccinia virus/genética , Replicação Viral/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , DNA Intergênico , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Glucuronidase/genética , Canamicina Quinase/genética , Rim/citologia , Rim/virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , beta-Galactosidase/genéticaRESUMO
During normal keratinocyte differentiation, a coordinated expression of many cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins occurs. Several studies suggest that expression of some of these proteins is altered in epithelium infected by the human papillomavirus (HPV). To examine protein expression, human foreskin tissue was infected with either the low-risk HPV type 11 or with HPV 83, a high-risk type. The foreskin tissue was implanted and grown in the athymic mouse xenograft system. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis of human foreskin xenografts were performed to detect cytokeratin 16 (K16), a protein previously identified in proliferative disorders of the skin. K16 was abundant in HPV 11-infected xenograft tissue, but was not detected in uninfected or HPV 83-infected tissue. Analysis of protein extracted from human biopsy tissue demonstrated the same expression patterns in natural infection by HPV 11. Reverse transcriptase PCR detected mRNA transcripts for K16 in both experimental and natural HPV 11-infected tissues, but not in uninfected tissue. These studies suggest that K16 overexpression during HPV 11-infection is regulated at the level of transcription. The marked epithelial proliferation that occurs in HPV 11 infection may involve alterations in expression of cytoskeletal proteins, including K16. Determining the mechanisms of K16 transcriptional induction could lead to therapies with the ability to reduce cell proliferation within infected tissue.
