Advances in Mechanism of HIV-1 Immune Reconstitution Failure: Understanding Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Interventions for Immunological Nonresponders.

In individuals diagnosed with AIDS, the primary method of sustained suppression of HIV-1 replication is antiretroviral therapy, which systematically increases CD4+ T cell levels and restores immune function. However, there is still a subset of 10-40% of people living with HIV who not only fail to reach normal CD4+ T cell counts but also experience severe immune dysfunction. These individuals are referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs). INRs have a higher susceptibility to opportunistic infections and non-AIDS-related illnesses, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is crucial to gain new insights into the primary mechanisms of immune reconstitution failure to enable early and effective treatment for individuals at risk. This review provides an overview of the dynamics of key lymphocyte subpopulations, the main molecular mechanisms of INRs, clinical diagnosis, and intervention strategies during immune reconstitution failure, primarily from a multiomics perspective.

Manipulation of Conducting Polymer Hydrogels with Different Shapes and Related Multifunctionality.

Maneuver of conducting polymers (CPs) into lightweight hydrogels can improve their functional performances in energy devices, chemical sensing, pollutant removal, drug delivery, etc. Current approaches for the manipulation of CP hydrogels are limited, and they are mostly accompanied by harsh conditions, tedious processing, compositing with other constituents, or using unusual chemicals. Herein, a two-step route is introduced for the controllable fabrication of CP hydrogels in ambient conditions, where gelation of the shape-anisotropic nano-oxidants followed by in-situ oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole hydrogels. The method is readily coupled with different approaches for materials processing of PANI hydrogels into varied shapes, including spherical beads, continuous wires, patterned films, and free-standing objects. In comparison with their bulky counterparts, lightweight PANI items exhibit improved properties when those with specific shapes are used as electrodes for supercapacitors, gas sensors, or dye adsorbents. The current study therefore provides a general and controllable approach for the implementation of CP into hydrogels of varied external shapes, which can pave the way for the integration of lightweight CP structures with emerging functional devices.

Integration of PEGylated Polyaniline Nanocoatings with Multiple Plastic Substrates Generates Comparable Antifouling Performance.

Conducting polymer nanocoatings render plastics to possess interesting optical, chemical, and electrical properties. It nevertheless remains technically challenging to deposit uniform conducting polymer nanocoatings on ambient plastic substrates ascribed to the inert and varied chemical properties of plastics and the notorious processability of conducting polymers. Previous studies have made progress in delivering various conducting polymer thin films via oxidative chemical vapor deposition. Herein, we develop a solution-based approach to polyaniline (PANI) and PEGylated PANI nanocoatings on multiple engineering plastics followed by evaluating their antifouling performance. The procedure relies on the formation of uniform, lyotropic V2O5·nH2O thin films on plastics assisted by a surfactant-sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate. Next, in situ, oxidative polymerization causes the formation of nanofibrous PANI nanocoatings. Finally, interfacial functionalization leads to PEGylated PANI nanocoatings, and the steric nanolayer effectively repels the adsorption of bovine serum albumin and the attachment of the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. on the surface. It is worth noting that the antifouling properties rely mainly on the presence of PEGylated PANI nanocoatings, irrespective of the type of plastic substrates underneath. The current study therefore opens an avenue for the solution-based delivery of conducting polymer-based, functional nanocoatings on hydrophobic substrates in a controllable manner with the availability of further modification.