Integration of 3D printing and case-based learning in clinical practice for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

BACKGROUND: Case-based learning (CBL) utilizing three-dimensional (3D) printed hip joint models is a problem-solving teaching method that combines the tactile and visual advantages of 3D-printed models with CBL. This study aims to investigate the impact of integrating 3D printing with CBL on learning developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). METHODS: We conducted a prospective study from 2022 to 2023, including 120 fourth-year clinical medical students at Xuzhou Medical University. Students were randomly allocated into two groups of 60 participants each. The CBL group received conventional CBL teaching methods, while the 3D + CBL group utilized 3D-printed models in conjunction with CBL. Post-teaching, we analyzed and compared the theoretical and practical achievements of both groups. A questionnaire was designed to assess the impact of the educational approach on orthopedic surgery learning. RESULTS: The theory scores of the CBL group (62.88 ± 7.98) and 3D + CBL group (66.35 ± 8.85) were significantly different (t = 2.254, P = 0.026); the practical skills scores of the CBL group (57.40 ± 8.80) and 3D + CBL group (63.42 ± 11.14) were significantly different (t = 3.283, P = 0.001). The questionnaire results showed that the 3D + CBL group was greater than the CBL group in terms of hip fundamentals, ability to diagnose cases and plan treatments, interesting teaching content, willingness to communicate with the instructor and satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of 3D printing with case-based learning has yielded positive outcomes in teaching DDH, providing valuable insights into the use of 3D-printed orthopedic models in clinical education.

Social anxiety modulating early processing for social threat words: an ERP study.

Even though some recent research revealed individuals with HSA typically display enhanced processing in the early stages of emotional information processing due to hypervigilance and vulnerability to negative stimuli, it is still unclear whether social anxiety affects the time course underlying processing bias for emotional stimuli. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the early stage of processing social threat stimuli in high social anxiety (HSA) individuals by recording RTs and EEG data in the emotional Stroop task. Behavioral data showed that the HSA group responded to the threat words faster than neutral words (i.e. negative bias), but no emotional effects in the low social anxiety (LSA) group. Although the P1 component did not show any early effects, ERP data exhibited an enhanced N170 for HSA than for LSA groups. Threat words elicited larger N170 than neutral words in the LSA group only; this emotion effect was not evident in the HSA group. These findings indicated that social anxiety modulates early processing for social threat words. This study revealed the neural mechanisms underlying early emotional processing in individuals with social anxiety, providing insights for the evaluation and intervention of social anxiety.

Application of deep learning classification model for regional evaluation of roof pressure support evolution effects over time in coal mining face.

Hydraulic support leg pressure serves as a crucial indicator for assessing work face support quality. Current evaluation methods for support quality primarily concentrate on static analyses-like inadequate initial support force, pressure overrun, and uneven bracket force-while neglecting dynamic column pressure changes. This paper introduces a model for assessing hydraulic support quality using deep learning techniques. Real-time data is preprocessed into a spatio-temporal pressure sub-matrix sample, which is then inputted into the model. This process assesses the support quality type and characterizes its dynamic evolution within the area. The model facilitates the identification of dynamic support quality effects in the working face area, aiding operators in making targeted adjustments to hydraulic support status. Experimental results revealed that the optimized LeNet-5 network-adjusting parameters like convolutional layer count, kernel size, and ReLU activation function-achieved the highest classification accuracy of 85.25 % for support quality, surpassed other networks. Furthermore, the improved LeNet-5 network outperformed other networks in both F1 score and recall. Additionally, the improved LeNet-5 network achieved faster convergence to the optimal solution, accelerated training speed. This highlighted its advantages in evaluating the spatio-temporal support quality of hydraulic supports in smart mining operations.

Do color enhancement algorithms improve the experience of color-deficient people? An empirical study based on smartphones.

Approximately 8% of the global population experiences color-vision deficiency. It is important to note that "color-vision deficiency" is distinct from "color blindness," as used in this article, which refers to the difficulty in distinguishing certain shades of color. This study explores color enhancement algorithms based on the neural mechanisms of color blindness and color deficiency. The algorithms are then applied to smartphones to improve the user experience (UX) of color-enhancing features in different top-selling smartphone brands with different operating systems (OS). A color-enhancing application program was developed for individuals with color-vision deficiency and compared to two other mature color-enhancing programs found in top-selling smartphones with different mainstream operating systems. The study included both objective and subjective evaluations. The research materials covered three aspects: daily life, information visualization, and videos. Additionally, this research study examines various levels of color enhancement through three dimensions of subjective evaluation: color contrast, color naturalness, and color preference. The results indicate that all color-enhancing features are beneficial for individuals with color-vision deficiencies due to their strong color contrast. The users' color preference is closely linked to color naturalness. The application program preserves the naturalness of colors better than the other two color-enhancing features. The subjective evaluations show similar trends across different operating systems, with differences arising from the use of different color-enhancing algorithms. Therefore, different algorithms may result in different sizes of the color gamut.

Pharmaceutical treatment status of patients with COPD in the community based on medical Internet of Things: a real-world study.

This study aimed to investigate the real-world standardisation and adherence of medical treatment regimens in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the community for making future management strategy. The follow-up data and treatment information of patients with COPD, which were collected through the Management Information Center of COPD (MICCOPD) in 21 community health service centres in Songjiang District, a countryside region of Shanghai. Concordance between the pharmaceutical treatment plan and recommendation of 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report during the follow-up management period, as well as the medication adherence by patients,were analysed. Out of the 2044 patients diagnosed with COPD, 814 patients (39.8%) who had an initial record of medication use were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The most common medication regimens were long-acting beta-agonist plus inhaled corticosteroids (35.9%) and oral bronchodilators (41.9%). Among these 814 patients, 45.7%, 38.0%, 31.6% and 14.6% adhered to the treatment after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of follow-up, respectively. The concordance rate with the regimens recommended by the 2017 GOLD guidelines was 35.5% at baseline, 35.5% at 6 months, 32.7% at 12 months, 35.4% at 18 months and 37% at 24 months. The compliance and guideline consistency rates of patients with COPD in the community under the management of general practitioners need to be improved. Enhancing general practitioner proficiency in the prevention and management of COPD and increasing patient awareness of the condition, are crucial standardising and improving adherence to initial and follow-up COPD treatments.

Characteristics of Trypsin genes and their roles in insecticide resistance based on omics and functional analyses in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis.

Trypsin is one of the most diverse and widely studied protease hydrolases. However, the diversity and characteristics of the Trypsin superfamily of genes have not been well understood, and their role in insecticide resistance is yet to be investigated. In this study, a total of 342 Trypsin genes were identified and classified into seven families based on homology, characteristic domains and phylogenetics in Anopheles sinensis, and the LY-Domain and CLECT-Domain families are specific to the species. Four Trypsin genes, (Astry2b, Astry43a, Astry90, Astry113c) were identified to be associated with pyrethroid resistance based on transcriptome analyses of three field resistant populations and qRT-PCR validation, and the knock-down of these genes significantly decrease the pyrethroid resistance of Anopheles sinensis based on RNAi. The activity of Astry43a can be reduced by five selected insecticides (indoxacarb, DDT, temephos, imidacloprid and deltamethrin); and however, the Astry43a could not directly metabolize these five insecticides, like the trypsin NYD-Tr did in earlier reports. This study provides the overall information frame of Trypsin genes, and proposes the role of Trypsin genes to insecticide resistance. Further researches are necessary to investigate the metabolism function of these trypsins to insecticides.

Impacts of continuous quality improvement on wound pain in the puncture site of arteriovenous fistula in haemodialysis patient.

This study analyses the effects of a continuous quality improvement nursing model on wound pain at the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) puncture site in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Forty haemodialysis patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, from September 2020 to December 2022, were selected as study subjects. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group. The control group received conventional nursing care, while the observation group was treated with a continuous quality improvement nursing model. The study compared the impact of these nursing approaches on pain intensity post-AVF puncture, wound visual analogue scale scores, self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, quality of life scores and patient satisfaction with nursing care. In the observation group, the proportion of patients experiencing moderate to severe pain during AVF puncture was lower than that in the control group, whereas the proportion of patients with no pain or mild pain was higher (P = 0.008). After nursing, the observation group exhibited significantly lower wound visual analogue scale scores, self-rating anxiety scale scores, and self-rating depression scale scores compared to the control group (P < 0.001), with a significantly higher quality of life score (P < 0.05). The nursing satisfaction rate was 95.00% in the observation group, significantly higher than the 65.00% in the control group (P = 0.018). The continuous quality improvement nursing model significantly reduces wound pain at the AVF puncture site in haemodialysis patients, alleviates negative emotions, enhances the quality of life, and achieves high patient satisfaction. It is thus a highly recommendable approach in nursing practice.

Time-Varying Proteinuria and Progression of IgA Nephropathy: A Cohort Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Proteinuria is a surrogate end point for predicting long-term kidney outcomes in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with levels<1g/day identified as a therapeutic target. However, this threshold has not been sufficiently studied. We quantified the associations of progression of IgAN with various levels of proteinuria. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 1,530 patients with IgAN and at least 12 months of follow-up at Peking University First Hospital. EXPOSURE: Proteinuria levels updated over time (time-varying proteinuria, TVP). OUTCOME: A composite kidney outcome of a 50% reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage kidney disease. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Marginal structural models. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 43.5 (IQR, 27.2-72.8) months, 254 patients (16.6%) developed the composite kidney outcome. A graded association was observed between TVP and composite kidney outcomes with higher risk among those with proteinuria of≥0.5g/day. Compared with TVP<0.3g/day, the HRs for proteinuria levels of 0.3 to<0.5g/day, 0.5 to<1.0g/day, 1.0 to<2.0g/day, and≥2.0g/day were 2.22 (95% CI, 0.88-5.58), 4.04 (95% CI, 1.93-8.46), 8.46 (95% CI, 3.80-18.83), and 38.00 (95% CI, 17.62-81.95), respectively. The trend was more pronounced in patients with baseline proteinuria of≥1.0g/day, among whom a higher risk was observed with TVP of 0.3 to<0.5g/day compared with TVP<0.3g/day (HR, 3.26 [95% CI, 1.07-9.92], P=0.04). However, in patients with baseline proteinuria levels of<1g/day, the risk of composite kidney outcome only began to increase when TVP was≥1.0g/day (HR, 3.25 [95% CI, 1.06-9.90]). LIMITATIONS: Single-center observational study, selection bias, and unmeasured confounders. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that patients with IgAN and proteinuria levels of>0.5g/day, have an elevated risk of kidney failure especially among patients with proteinuria levels≥1.0g/day before initiating treatment. These data may serve to inform the selection of proteinuria targets in the treatment of IgAN. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The presence of proteinuria has often been considered a surrogate end point and a possible therapeutic target in clinical trials in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Some guidelines recommend a reduction in proteinuria to<1g/day as a treatment goal based on the results of previous longitudinal studies. However, these findings may have been biased because they did not properly adjust for time-dependent confounders. Using marginal structural models to appropriately account for these confounding influences, we observed that patients with IgAN and proteinuria levels≥0.5g/day have an elevated risk of kidney failure, especially among patients who had proteinuria levels of≥1.0g/day before initiating treatment. These data may serve to inform the selection of proteinuria targets in the treatment of IgAN.

Social anxiety modulates emotion processing for social threat words: Evidence from ERP.

The present study investigated whether the processing of social threat words was modulated by social anxiety used by recording electroencephalogram signals during the Stroop task. Behavioral results indicated that the High Social Anxiety (HSA) group exhibited slower RT than the Low Social Anxiety (LSA) group, and both groups had faster RTs when responding to threat words compared to neutral words. ERP data showed that threat words elicited more positive P2, compared with neutral words, in both groups. Neutral words elicited larger early posterior negativity (EPN) and social threat words elicited more positive LPP in the LSA group only. The HSA group did not exhibit the emotional effects of EPN and LPP. These data indicate that social anxiety can modulate the processing of social threat words.

Comparison between hydroxychloroquine and systemic corticosteroids in IgA nephropathy: a two-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is recommended as a treatment for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) to control proteinuria. The long-term effects of HCQ compared to systemic corticosteroid therapy remain unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case‒control study at Peking University First Hospital. Thirty-nine patients with IgAN who received HCQ for at least 24 months without corticosteroids (CSs) or other immunosuppressive agents were included. Thirty-nine matched patients who received systemic CS therapy were selected using propensity score matching. Clinical data over a 24-month period were compared. RESULTS: In the HCQ group, the level of proteinuria decreased from 1.72 [1.44, 2.35] to 0.97 [0.51, 1.37] g/d (-50.5 [-74.0, -3.4] %, P < 0.001) at 24 months. A significant decline in proteinuria was also found in the CS group, but no significant differences were found between the HCQ group and CS group in the levels of proteinuria (0.97 [0.51, 1.37] vs. 0.53 [0.25, 1.81] g/d, P = 0.707) and change rates (-50.5% [-74.0%, -3.4%] vs. -63.7% [-78.5%, -24.2%], P = 0.385) at 24 months. In addition, the decline rates of eGFR between the HCQ and CS groups were comparable (-7.9% [-16.1%, 5.8%] vs. -6.6% [-14.9%, 5.3%], P = 0.758). More adverse events were observed in the CS group. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term use of HCQ can maintain stable renal function with minimal side effects. In patients who cannot tolerate corticosteroids, HCQ might be an effective and safe supportive therapy for IgAN.

Intensive blood pressure control and the progression of IgA nephropathy: a cohort study using marginal structural models.

BACKGROUND: In chronic kidney disease, current guidelines recommend systolic blood pressure (SBP) below 120 mmHg. However, the renoprotective effect of intensive blood-pressure (BP) lowering on immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains undetermined. We aimed to determine the effect of intensive BP control on the progression of IgAN. METHODS: At Peking University First Hospital, 1530 patients with IgAN were enrolled. An examination of the relationship between baseline and time-updated BP and composite kidney outcomes, defined as development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or a 30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was conducted. Baseline and time-updated BPs were modeled using multivariate causal hazards models and marginal structural models (MSMs). RESULTS: In a median follow-up of 43.5 (interquartile range 27.2, 72.7) months, 367 (24.0%) patients experienced the composite kidney outcomes. No significant associations were found between baseline BP and the composite outcomes. Using MSMs with time-updated SBP for analysis, a U-shaped association was found. In reference to SBP 110-119 mmHg, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the SBP categories <110, 120-129, 130-139 and ≥140 mmHg were 1.48 (1.02-2.17), 1.13 (0.80-1.60), 2.21 (1.54-3.16) and 2.91 (1.94-4.35), respectively. The trend was more prominent in patients with proteinuria ≥1 g/day and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. After analyzing time-updated diastolic BP, no similar trend was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with IgAN, intensive BP control during the treatment period may retard the kidney disease progression, but the potential risk of hypotension still needs to be considered.

Effect of multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) on survival outcomes of lung cancer patients: Experiences from China.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) on the survival outcomes of Chinese lung cancer patients. METHODS: Data from a Chinese tertiary cancer hospital of lung cancer patients were collected and divided into two groups (MDT+/-) according to whether the patients had received an MDT. The survival analysis was performed after propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS: Before PSM, more patients in the MDT+ group had documented information on clinical characteristics and showed more unfavorable clinical characteristics than patients in the MDT- group. After PSM, there was no imbalance in the first-line treatment strategies between the two groups. When the patients were analyzed separately, for patients in the MDT- group, age at diagnosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, stage, smoking history, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene status were all significant factors for survival (p < 0.05). For patients in the MDT+ group, only age at diagnosis, stage, and comorbidities were significant factors for survival (p < 0.05). Moreover, age at diagnosis, ECOG score, stage, EGFR gene status, and MDT were all significant factors for survival for all patients (p < 0.001). The results indicate that MDT was a significant prognostic factor independent of clinical characteristics (HR: 2.095, 95% CI: 1.568-2.800, p < 0.001), with a significantly improved median survival (58.0 vs. 29.0 months, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on PSM, MDT itself did have a real favorable prognostic significance for Chinese lung cancer patients in the study.

ABT-263 exerts a protective effect on upper urinary tract damage by alleviating neurogenic bladder fibrosis.

This study investigated the mechanism of action of ABT-263 in the treatment of neurogenic bladder fibrosis (NBF)and its protective effects against upper urinary tract damage (UUTD). Sixty 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham, sham + ABT-263 (50 mg/kg), NBF, NBF + ABT-263 (25 mg/kg, oral gavage), and NBF + ABT-263 (50 mg/kg, oral gavage) groups. After cystometry, bladder and kidney tissue samples were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson, and Sirius red staining, and Western Blotting (WB) and qPCR detection. Primary rat bladder fibroblasts were isolated, extracted, and cultured. After co-stimulation with TGF-ß1 (10 ng/mL) and ABT-263 (concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µmol/L) for 24 h, cells were collected. Cell apoptosis was detected using CCK8, WB, immunofluorescence, and annexin/PI assays. Compared with the sham group, there was no significant difference in any physical parameters in the sham + ABT-263 (50 mg/kg) group. Compared with the NBF group, most of the markers involved in fibrosis were improved in the NBF + ABT-263 (25 mg/kg) and NBF + ABT-263 (50 mg/kg) groups, while the NBF + ABT-263 (50 mg/kg) group showed a significant improvement. When the concentration of ABT-263 was increased to 10 µmol/L, the apoptosis rate of primary bladder fibroblasts increased, and the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL began to decrease.ABT-263 plays an important role in relieving NBF and protecting against UUTD, which may be due to the promotion of myofibroblast apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Real-World COPD Management Over 3 Years at the Community Health Service Center of Shanghai During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China.

Objective: To evaluate the real-world situation for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and poorly controlled disease risk factors in the Chinese community. Methods: This retrospective multicentre study analysed data from COPDMICand MICHC in Shanghai Songjiang District, Shanghai, China. The differences in COPD Assessment Test (CAT), the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale, and the number of emergency cases, emergency visits, inpatient cases, and hospitalisations from January 2018 to December 2020 were analysed. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on COPD management was also assessed. Results: For 2020 versus 2018, analysis of 468 COPD cases from COPDMIC matched with MICHC data showed significantly more patients with improved mMRC grades, significantly fewer emergency cases and emergency visits, and significantly fewer hospitalisation cases and hospitalisations. Differences in the number of emergency visits and hospitalisations per capita were statistically significant. Compared to GOLD 3-4, GOLD 1-2 patients showed significant improvements in CAT score, mMRC grade, the number of emergency visits and hospitalisations per capita. Treatment adherence from 2018 to 2020 was 25%, 29.1%, and 6.8%, and the proportion of medication regimens consistent with guidelines was 43.44%, 50.98%, and 71.87%, respectively. Higher treatment adherence resulted in significantly improved CAT scores and mMRC grades and fewer emergency department visits and hospitalisations per capita. Conclusion: Combined with remote management tools, patients with COPD achieved continuous improvement in symptoms and exacerbations over 3 years. In the context of COVID-19 prevention/control measures, improvements were significant for patients with GOLD 1-2 COPD but limited with GOLD 3-4. Pharmacologic treatment significantly improved clinical symptoms and reduced emergency visits and hospitalisations. Severe airflow limitation and poor adherence to pharmacologic treatment were important risk factors for lack of disease remission.

Analysis of heart rate variability in college students with depression and suicidal ideation / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To compare the differences in heart rate variability (HRV) indicators between depressive college students with and without suicidal ideation, so as to provide a reliable objective physiological basis for suicide screening and prevention among college students.@*Methods@#From March to April 2023, a total of 60 college students with depression aged 17-25 years old were recruited from three universities in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province through online and campus recruitment. They were divided into the depression with suicidal ideation group (30 cases) and the depression without suicidal ideation group (30 cases) based on the presence of suicidal ideation. A screening survey was conducted on college students using a self designed general information questionnaire, Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI). In May 2023, 5 minute resting HRV data was collected from the two groups of participants, and statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests or MannWhitney U tests.@*Results@#The SSI and HAMD scores of college students in the depression group with suicidal ideation [7.00(4.25, 16.00), 40.73±12.88] were higher than those in the depression group without suicidal ideation [4.50(1.75, 6.00), 29.17±8.15 ] ( Z/t= -6.64 , 4.16, P <0.01). The standard deviation of the NN (SDNN), standard deviation of the average NN intervals (SDANN) and standard deviation of the NN interval every 5 minutes (SDNN Index) in the HRV time domain indicators of college students with depression and suicidal ideation [42.75(35.03, 60.75)ms, 32.75(26.65, 46.88)ms, (298.82±61.61)ms] were lower than those in the depression without suicidal ideation group [50.80(46.15, 59.68)ms, 38.80(34.50, 45.80)ms, (329.20±50.80)ms] ( Z/t= -2.43 , -2.20, -2.08, P <0.05). The very low frequency (VLF) in frequency domain indicators of college students with depression and suicidal ideation [0.02(0.02,0.02)Hz] was higher than that in the depression group without suicidal ideation [0.02(0.01, 0.02 )Hz] ( Z=-2.19, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#College students with suicidal ideation have higher levels of depression and imbalanced autonomic nervous system function, and HRV may become an objective physiological indicator for identifying suicidal ideation.

The effects of social anxiety on recognition memory for social threat words: An ERP study.

In this study, the effect of social anxiety on item recognition memory was examined by adopting a study-test paradigm. Participants with high and low social anxiety (31 HSA vs. 30 LSA) memorized neutral target and threat target (NT vs. TT) words while threat distracters were simultaneously presented. The behavioral results did not exhibit group differences in recognition performance. The event-related potentials (ERP) results showed that the HSA and LSA participants all did not exhibit significant old/new effects for neutral targets, while only the LSA participants exhibited significant old/new effects for threat targets. For the distracters, the HSA participants did not exhibit evident old/new effects under the NT and TT conditions; while LSA participants showed a reversed LPC old/new effect for the threat distracters under the NT condition. The old/new effects for threat targets were impaired in HSA participants but presented in LSA participants. These findings suggest that social anxiety modulates the effect of recognition memory for social threat words.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes and their function associated with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis.

BACKGROUND: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), a multifunctional protein family, are involved in insecticide resistance. However, a systematic analysis of GSTs in Anopheles sinensis, an important vector for malaria transmission, is lacking. In this study, we investigated the diversity and characteristics of GST genes, and analyzed their expression patterns and functions associated with insecticide resistance in this species. RESULTS: We identified 32 putative cytosolic and three putative microsomal GST genes in the An. sinensis genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that GSTs were highly expressed in larvae, and mainly expressed in the antennae, midgut and Malpighian tubules of adults. In addition, we found that GSTd2 and GSTe2 were significantly upregulated in four An. sinensis pyrethroid-resistant field populations. Furthermore, silencing of GSTd2 and GSTe2 significantly increased the susceptibility of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, and recombinant GSTd2 and GSTe2 exhibited high enzymatic activity in the metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). CONCLUSION: These results showed that GSTs are involved in the development of insecticide resistance in An. sinensis through transcriptional overexpression and enzymatic metabolization, facilitating our understanding of insecticide resistance in insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The neural correlates of social anxiety modulating conflict-driven cognitive control: An ERP study.

According to attentional control theory and processing efficiency theory, anxiety impairs top-down cognitive control and processing efficiency under threat-related stimuli conditions. However, what is the resulting pattern under an emotionally neutral condition? Therefore, the study examined whether individuals with social anxiety exhibited the cognitive control deficiency in absence of emotional information and how social anxiety modulated cognitive control performance by recording the N2, N450, and SP components in the Stroop task. Behavioral data showed that participants with high social anxiety (HSA) showed slower response times than low social anxiety (LSA). ERP data showed that in HSA participants, congruent trials elicited more negative N2 than incongruent trials, but this was not for LSA ones. The N450 was more negative under incongruent condition than congruent ones. This effect was noticeable in LSA participants, but not in HSA ones. The conflict SP was more positive under incongruent condition than congruent one in HSA participants but not in LSA ones. The significant group differences of the N450 and SP were found mainly for incongruent condition. The present findings indicate that individuals with HSA exhibited cognitive control deficiency for neutral stimuli and an individual's social anxiety modulates the neural correlates of conflict-driven cognitive control.

One step construction of an electrochemical sensor for melamine detection in milk towards an integrated portable system.

Excessive intake of melamine (MEL) can be harmful to human health, and it is important to establish a rapid and accurate MEL detection method. As the electrochemical activity of MEL is very low, ferrocenylglutathione (Fc-ECG) was used as an electron transfer mediator to assist with the detection of MEL using screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). This modified electrode (MEL/Fc-ECG/SPCE) was prepared by stepwise drop-casting and was fully characterized. Results showed that MEL significantly enhanced signal of Fc-ECG/SPCE sensor due to the three p-π conjugated double bonds that facilitated electron transfer. Under optimal conditions, the sensor exhibits two linearities in the range of 0.20-2.00 µM and 8.00-800 µM, with a sensitivity of 15.03 µA·µM-1·cm-2. The selectivity, stability, and reproducibility were investigated and successfully used to detect MEL in raw milk and confirms safety verification of foods. Moreover, a portable testing platform was designed for MEL detection based on a CH32 chip.