The rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy is independent of the pancreatic stump closure technique - A retrospective analysis of 284 cases.

BACKGROUND: Many techniques have been developed to prevent postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after distal pancreatectomy, but POPF rates remain high. The aim of our study was to analyze POPF occurrence after closure of the pancreatic remnant by different operative techniques. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2017, 284 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy in our institution. For subgroup analysis the patients were divided into hand-sewn (n = 201) and stapler closure (n = 52) groups. The hand-sewn closure was performed in three different ways (fishmouth-technique, n = 27; interrupted transpancreatic U-suture technique, n = 77; common interrupted suture, n = 97). All other techniques were summarized in a separate group (n = 31). Results were gained by analysis of our prospective pancreatic database. RESULTS: The median age was 63 (range 23-88) years. 74 of 284 patients (26%) were operated with spleen preservation (similar rates in subgroups). ASA-classes, median BMI as well as frequencies of malignant diseases, chronic pancreatitis, alcohol and nicotine abuse were also comparable in the subgroups. Neither the rates of overall POPF (fishmouth-technique 30%, common interrupted suture 40%, stapler closure 33% and interrupted U-suture 38%) nor the rates of POPF grades B and C showed significant differences in the subgroups. However is shown to be associated with pancreatic function and parenchymal texture. CONCLUSION: In our experience the technique of pancreatic stump closure after distal resection did not influence postoperative pancreatic fistula rate. As a consequence patient specific reasons rather than surgical techniques may be responsible for POPF formation after distal pancreatectomy.

Management and outcomes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

Background: This study evaluated the outcome and survival of patients with radiologically suspected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Methods: IPMN management was reviewed according to Fukuoka risk factors and IPMN localization, differentiating main-duct (MD), mixed-type (MT) and branch-duct (BD) IPMNs. Perioperative results were compared with those of patients undergoing resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) over the same interval (2010-2014). Overall (OS) and disease-specific (DSS) survival rates were calculated and subgroups compared. Results: Of 142 patients with IPMNs, 26 had MD-IPMN, eight had MT-IPMN and 108 had BD-IPMN. Some 74 per cent of patients with MD- and MT-IPMN were managed by primary resection, whereas this was used in only 27·8 per cent of those with BD-IPMN. The risk of secondary resection and malignant transformation for BD-IPMNs smaller than 20 mm was 8 and 2 per cent respectively during follow-up. Pancreatic head resection of IPMNs was associated with an increased risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula grade B/C compared with resection of PDAC (12 of 33 (36 per cent) versus 41 of 221 (18·6 per cent) respectively; P = 0·010), and greater morbidity and mortality (Clavien-Dindo grade III: 15 of 33 (45 per cent) versus 56 of 221 (25·3 per cent) respectively; grade IV: 1 (3 per cent) versus 7 (3·2 per cent); grade V: 2 (6 per cent) versus 2 (0·9 per cent); P = 0·008). Five-year OS and DSS rates in patients with MD-IPMN were worse than those for MT- and BD-IPMN (OS: 44, 86 and 97·4 per cent respectively, P < 0·001; DSS: 60, 100 and 98·6 per cent; P < 0·001). Patients with invasive IPMN had worse OS and DSS rates than those with non-invasive dysplasia (OS: IPMN-carcinoma (10 patients) 33 per cent, high-grade dysplasia 100 per cent, intermediate-grade dysplasia 63 per cent, low grade-dysplasia 100 per cent, P < 0·001; DSS: IPMN-carcinoma 43 per cent, all grades of dysplasia 100 per cent, P < 0·001). Patients with high-risk stigmata had poorer survival than those without risk factors (OS: high-risk stigmata (35 patients) 55 per cent, worrisome features (31) 95 per cent, no risk factors (76) 100 per cent, P < 0·001; DSS: 71, 100 and 100 per cent respectively, P < 0·001). Conclusion: The risk of malignant transformation was very low for BD-IPMNs, but the development of high-risk stigmata was associated with disease-specific mortality. Patients with IPMN had greater morbidity after resection than those having resection of PDAC.

Pancreatitis After Pancreatoduodenectomy Predicts Clinically Relevant Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity after pancreas resection is still high with postoperative pancreatic fistulas (POPF) being the most frequent complication. However, exocrine insufficiency seems to protect from POPF. In clinical practice, patients showing increased postoperative systemic amylase concentrations appear to frequently develop POPF. We therefore retrospectively examined the occurrence of systemic amylase increase after pancreas resections and its association with the clinical course. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Perioperative data from 739 consecutive pancreas resections were assessed in a prospectively maintained SPSS database. Serum and drain amylase concentrations were determined by routine clinical chemistry. POPFs were graded into A-C according to ISGPF definitions. RESULTS: In patients with reduced serum amylase (n = 89) on day 1 after pancreatoduodenectomy, clinically relevant POPFs were not observed. In patients with normal serum amylase concentrations, clinically relevant POPFs occurred in 9 %, while in 39 % of the patients with more than three times elevated amylase concentrations, a clinically relevant postoperative fistula was observed (p < 0.001). Systemic hyperamylasemia detected on postoperative day 1 after pancreatoduodenectomy was further a good predictor for clinically relevant POPFs (AUROC = 0.797, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with a high risk for developing clinically relevant POPFs can be identified on the first postoperative day by determining serum amylase.

Pancreatogastrostomy Versus Pancreatojejunostomy for RECOnstruction After PANCreatoduodenectomy (RECOPANC, DRKS 00000767): Perioperative and Long-term Results of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess pancreatic fistula rate and secondary endpoints after pancreatogastrostomy (PG) versus pancreatojejunostomy (PJ) for reconstruction in pancreatoduodenectomy in the setting of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. BACKGROUND: PJ and PG are established methods for reconstruction in pancreatoduodenectomy. Recent prospective trials suggest superiority of the PG regarding perioperative complications. METHODS: A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial comparing PG with PJ was conducted involving 14 German high-volume academic centers for pancreatic surgery. The primary endpoint was clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula. Secondary endpoints comprised perioperative outcome and pancreatic function and quality of life measured at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: From May 2011 to December 2012, 440 patients were randomized, and 320 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. There was no significant difference in the rate of grade B/C fistula after PG versus PJ (20% vs 22%, P = 0.617). The overall incidence of grade B/C fistula was 21%, and the in-hospital mortality was 6%. Multivariate analysis of the primary endpoint disclosed soft pancreatic texture (odds ratio: 2.1, P = 0.016) as the only independent risk factor. Compared with PJ, PG was associated with an increased rate of grade A/B bleeding events, perioperative stroke, less enzyme supplementation at 6 months, and improved results in some quality of life parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of grade B/C fistula after PG versus PJ was not different. There were more postoperative bleeding events with PG. Perioperative morbidity and mortality of pancreatoduodenectomy seem to be underestimated, even in the high-volume center setting.

Perioperative platin-based chemotherapy for locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: Postoperative chemotherapy has a substantial impact on outcome.

BACKGROUND: A combination of platin-based perioperative chemotherapy (PBPC) plus surgical resection has become the standard of care in Europe for locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGAC). In contrast to preoperative chemotherapy, the postoperative administration of chemotherapy is omitted in a high percentage of patients. We conducted this database study to analyse the impact of postoperative completion of perioperative chemotherapy on patient outcome. METHODS: Patients with EGAC (cT3-4 and/or cN+) were treated with preoperative PBPC plus curative surgical resection. Patient demographics, postoperative tumour stages, histopathological regression (HPR) and administration of postoperative chemotherapy were correlated with overall survival. RESULTS: Of one-hundred-thirty-four patients, 76 received preoperative docetaxel, folinic acid, fluorouracil, oxaliplatin (FLOT), 53 patients epirubicin, cisplatin, folinic acid (ECF) and 5 epirubicin, oxaliplatin, capecitabine (EOX) chemotherapy. The 5-year-survival for the whole collective was 58%. Designated postoperative chemotherapy was omitted in 36% of the patients. 5-year-survival was 75.8% in patients who received pre- and post-operative chemotherapy and 40.3% in patients with only preoperative chemotherapy (p < 0.001). Histopathological regression, postoperative nodal status and administration of postoperative chemotherapy were identified as independent prognostic factors. Analysis of subgroups revealed a pronounced survival benefit after administration of postoperative chemotherapy in patients with ypN+ stages (5-year-survival 64.5% vs 9.7%, p = 0.002) and poor HPR (5-year-survival 55.5% vs 19.3%, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Our study provides further evidence that administration of postoperative chemotherapy may contribute to the achieved survival benefit of PBPC in patients with EGAC and implies a beneficial effect especially in presence of lymphonodular tumour involvement and limited HPR.

Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage--incidence, treatment, and risk factors in over 1,000 pancreatic resections.

BACKGROUND: Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage is a rare but often severe complication after pancreatic resection. The aim of this retrospective study was to define incidence and risk factors of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage and to evaluate treatment options and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data was extracted from a prospectively maintained database. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate risk factor analysis by binary logistic regression were performed with SPSS software at a significance level of p = 0.05. RESULTS: N = 1,082 patients with pancreatic resections between 1994 and 2012 were included. Interventional angiography was successful in about half of extraluminal bleeding. A total of 78 patients (7.2 %) had postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH), and 29 (2.7 %) were grade C PPH. Multivariate modeling disclosed a learning effect, age, BMI, male sex, intraoperative transfusion, portal venous and multivisceral resection, pancreatic fistula and preoperative biliary drainage as independent predictors of severe postpancreatectomy hemorrhage. High-risk histopathology, age, transfusion, pancreatic fistula, postpancreatectomy hemorrhage and pancreatojejunostomy in pancreatoduodenectomies were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies clinically relevant risk factors for postpancreatectomy hemorrhage and mortality. Interventional treatment of extraluminal hemorrhage is successful in about half of the cases and if unsuccessful constitutes a valuable adjunct to operative hemostasis. Based on our observations, we propose a treatment scheme for PPH. Risk factor analysis suggests appropriate patient selection especially for extended resections and pancreatogastrostomy for reconstruction in pancreatoduodenectomy.

[Laparoscopic resection of the pancreatic head. Feasibility and perioperative results]. / Laparoskopische Pankreaskopfresektion. Machbarkeit und perioperative Ergebnisse.

BACKGROUND: Whereas pancreatic tail resection is routinely and safely performed in several institutions, laparoscopic resection of the pancreatic head is only performed by a handful of surgeons worldwide, none of them in Germany. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We review our experience with 9 laparoscopic pancreatic head resections (lap-PPPD) performed between March and September 2010. The operations were performed using a hybrid approach with complete laparoscopic pylorus-preserving pancreatic head resection and successive reconstruction via a small retrieval incision. Perioperative outcome was compared to 605 open pancreatic head resections (1997-2010). RESULTS: In the group lap-PPPD 3 out of 9 conversions had to be performed due to oncologic reasons. There were no significant differences in perioperative outcome when comparing open-PPPD to lap-PPPD. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic pancreatic head resection with hybrid open reconstruction combines the potential advantages of laparoscopic resection with the safety of an open pancreatic anastomosis. Even at the beginning of the learning curve the procedure can be performed with no concessions to safety or duration of the operation.