[Bacosides: a study of neurobiological activity, prospects for application]. / Bakozidy: izuchenie neirobiologicheskoi aktivnosti i perspektivy primeneniya.

Bacosides are the main biologically active components derived from the plant bacopa monnieri (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.), which has been used as a nootropic in Indian medicine for many centuries. In recent years, these compounds have attracted attention because of their wide range of neurobiological effects. The neuroprotective effects of bacosides on brain neurons under the influence of various damaging factors (neurotoxins, oxidative stress, beta-amyloid deposition, cigarette smoke, etc.) have been established. It was shown that these substances reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines and inhibit the processes of demyelination of neurons. The anticonvulsant effect of bacosides has been established. These compounds also improve cognitive functions, including memory and learning abilities. The effects associated with the influence on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of the striatum are of interest for the therapy of morphine addiction. The theoretical justifications for the future use of bacosides as a multipurpose means of complex therapy of individual diseases in neurological and psychiatric practice are presented.

[Neurobiological effects of tenuigenin and the opportunity of it's using in the therapy of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (literature review).]

The analysis of experimental and partially clinical data about researches of neurobiological effects of tenuigenin - the most important bioactive substance of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. in this review was given. The neuroprotective and neurotrophic action of given substance were described in detail. It was noted, that the capacities of the tenuigenin to decrease the secretion of beta amyloid and to protect of neurons from damage by already made beta ameloids, to inhibit the processes of the tau proteins` hyperphosphorylation and inflammations in microglia, as well as increase the main synaptic transmission can be used by the development of effective therapeutic drugs aimed to reduce the pathogenesis of Alzheimer`s disease. The effects of dopaminergic neurons and mitochondrial membrane potential protection as well as reduction of α-synuclein phosphorylation can influence the processes by Parkinson`s disease. It was concluded, that the tenuigenin deserves further study and possibly will be used as augmentation of Alzheimer`s, Parkinson`s and other neurodegenerative diseases therapy.

[Homoeology of banding sequences and centromeres of Glyptotendipes paripes Edwards, 1929 and G. glaucus meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Chironomidae)].

The karyotype analysis of the Glyptotendipes paripes Edwards, 1929 from water reservoirs of Saratov region has been conducted. In the studied population, the following combination of banding sequences predominated: A1.1, B1.1 and G1.1. The frequency of larvae with heterozygous inversions was 72.9 %, the average number of heterozygous inversions per specimen was 0.667, and the most frequent heterozygous inversions were B1.2 (39.5%) and D1.2 (29.2%). Localization of centromeres in the polytene chromosomes G. paripes was defined with the help of C-banding. Homoeology of polytene chromosomes of two chironomidae species (G. paripes and G. glaucus Mg.) has been analyzed and redesignation of chromosomes arms G. paripes has been offered: instead of par D--par A, instead of par C--par B, instead of par A--par D and instead of par B--par C.