Ethical principles in psychotherapy within a broad psychological and medical deontological framework: An international comparison / Principios éticos en psicoterapia dentro de un amplio marco deontológico psicológico y médico: una comparación internacional

Awareness of ethics codes and professional guidelines is crucial to a professional role in psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy practice is increasingly heterogeneous, and there is much discussion about their effectiveness for clients. In some countries, psychotherapy is an autonomous profession. In others, is part of the professional features of psychologists and psychiatrists, and it is possible to find other health professionals working as psychotherapists in some countries. Considering that ethical principles are central to the performance of a profession, we intend to find connections between the ethical principles for psychotherapists and psychologists or psychiatrists. A critical review was done to promote an integrative vision of ethics codes in psychotherapy. Content analysis of the ethics codes in psychotherapy was per-formed. Confidentiality, competence, and integrity were the principles more frequently found. Psychotherapists seem to have a major concern with interpersonal relationshipsand are less linked to social responsibility. (AU)

El conocimiento de los códigos éticos y las directrices profesionales es crucial para desempeñar un papel profesional en la práctica de la psicoterapia. La práctica de la psicoterapia es cada vez más heterogénea y se discute mucho sobre su eficacia para los clientes. En algunos países, la psicoterapia es una profesión autónoma. En otros forma parte de las características profesionales de psicólogos y psiquiatras, y es posible encontrar a otros profesionales de la salud trabajando como psicoterapeutas en algunos países. Considerando que los principios éticos son centrales para el desempeño de una profesión, pretendemos encontrar conexiones entre los principios éticos para psicoterapeutas y psicólogos o psiquiatras. Se realizó una revisión crítica para promover una visión integradora de los códigos de ética en psicoterapia. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los códigos de ética en psicoterapia. La confidencialidad, la competencia y la integridad fueron los principios más frecuentemente encontrados. Los psicoterapeutas parecen tener una mayor preocupación por las relaciones interpersonales y están me-nos vinculados a la responsabilidad social. (AU)

Susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis and an. darlingi to Plasmodium vivax VK210 and VK247.

The susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis (F3 generation) and An. darlingi (F1 generation) to Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein phenotypes from a limited number of blood samples of malaria patients in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, was examined A polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the P. vivax phenotypes in blood samples and the blood-fed infected mosquitoes were dissected and tested by ELISA. In all patient infections, more infected An. aquasalis and An. darlingi were positive for VK210 compared with VK247.

Susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis and An. darlingi to Plasmodium vivax VK210 and VK247

The susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis (F3 generation) and An. darlingi (F1 generation) to Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein phenotypes from a limited number of blood samples of malaria patients in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, was examined. A polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the P. vivax phenotypes in blood samples and the blood-fed infected mosquitoes were dissected and tested by ELISA. In all patient infections, more infected An. aquasalis and An. darlingi were positive for VK210 compared with VK247.

Laboratory colonization of Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belém, Pará, Brazil.

Anopheles aquasalis Curry, a coastal malaria vector with a Neotropical distribution, was collected from Belém, Pará state, Brazil, and 500 adults per cage were maintained at the Instituto Evandro Chagas insectary at 26 -30 degrees C and 80 -90% RH, where they fed on a 10% domestic sugar solution and blood from white mice. Oviposition of the parental generation (P) occurred in fresh water in dark cups introduced into mosquito cages. After eclosion, 100 larvae per pan were reared in artesian well water (salinity 0.04 g liter(-10) and fed ground fish food until pupation. After force mating in the F1 generation, the eight subsequent generations were free mating. Mean larval mortality was < 1%, and the mean developmental time from eclosion to emergence was 7.7 d (F1), 7.6 d (F2), 8 d (F3), and 7.5 d (F4). The maximum daily production of pupae (from the fourth generation on) occurred on day 6 postoviposition.

Malaria vectors, epidemiology, and the re-emergence of Anopheles darlingi in Belém, Pará, Brazil.

An evaluation of malaria transmission and epidemiology in the Amazonian city of Belém over the last 70 years shows that (1) Anopheles darlingi, reported to be eradicated in 1968, reappeared in the mid 1990s, with a marked increase in abundance between 1997 to 1999 in two of three districts sampled; (2) An. darlingi and An. aquasalis are each implicated in current malaria transmission in different districts of the city; (3) mosquito species diversity (in Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus) has increased from two in the 1930s to six in the 1940s to 10 in the 1990s; (4) there is no overall correlation between malaria case incidence and human population size from 1940 to 1996 in Belém; (5) however, the total number of malaria cases has increased significantly since the late 1970s and over the short term from 1993 to 1999; and (6) interestingly, the short term increases are due solely to cases of Plasmodium vivax infection; cases of P. falciparum malaria are declining (significantly for Pará state only). The reappearance of An. darlingi may be a result of the continued expansion of Belém into the surrounding forest in the 1990s. In the absence of preventative measures, we predict an increase in local outbreaks of malaria in the DAENT and DAICO districts where the population sizes of An. darlingi are increasing.