Deterioration of extrafloral nectaries and leaf damages caused by air pollution in a Brazilian native species from the Atlantic Forest.

In Brazil, more than 90% of steel mills are located in states that have Atlantic Forest which, together with the pollution of large urban centers, represent risk factors for the environmental quality of this important biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of urban and industrial air pollution in a city in Minas Gerais that has a steel mill on the symptomatology, on the leaf chemistry, and on the anatomy and micromorphology of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae), a native species of the Atlantic Forest. For 126 days, seedlings of J. princeps were exposed on stand systems in the urban and industrial area of MG (Ipatinga city), in the following places: Bom Retiro, Cariru, Cidade Nobre, and Veneza. For anatomical analysis, EFNs were collected and processed for microscopic analysis. In the southern parts of the steel mill closest to the Rio Doce State Park (RDSP) (Bom Retiro and Cariru), there was a predominance of NO, NOX, SO2 (Bom Retiro), naphthalene, benzene, and total suspended particulates (Cariru). In locations north of the steel mill (Cidade Nobre and Veneza), there was a predominance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the urban environment, intense anatomical and micromorphological damage to EFNs, leaf damage, leaf metal accumulation, and alterations in the histochemical tests of the plants were observed. The interior of the RDSP presented environmental quality, but the contribution of pollutants near the border between the RDSP and the city of Ipatinga is worrying, requiring constant monitoring of this area to verify the impact and threat that pollution can cause on these Atlantic Forest remnants.

Why is Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. a common species in the mining tailings of the Fundão dam in Minas Gerais, Brazil?

Currently, more than five years after the Fundão dam failure in Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. is the main grass in pasturelands affected by the mining tailings. The aim of this study was to investigate the reason for this fact as well as to determine the ecophysiological effects of mining tailings on B. decumbens and to test whether mixing the tailings with unaffected local soil enhances the affected soil properties. For the experiment, two different soils were collected, one unaffected soil without mining tailings (Ref) and the mining tailings (Tec), and we also created a mixture with 50 % of each soil type (Ref/Tec). We cultivated B. decumbens in the three soil treatments in a greenhouse for 110 days and evaluated soil physical-chemical properties and plant ecophysiology. Our results show that the tailings (Tec) compromised the normal ecophysiological state of B. decumbens. The species survived these adverse conditions due to its great efficiency in acquiring some elements. The soil management tested by this work mitigated the stress caused by tailings and can represent an alternative for the environmental recovery of the affected soils.

Biological effects of hydrolyzed quinoa extract from seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

An extract from seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), termed hydrolyzed quinoa (HQ), was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis from seeds of the quinoa variety BRS-Piabiru. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of quinoa and HQ showed that the hydrolyzed extract is rich in essential amino acids, particularly those with branched chains (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). In addition, we evaluated the biological effects of HQ, particularly the toxicological potential. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to four groups: (1) sedentary supplemented group, which received HQ (2,000 mg/kg); (2) sedentary control group, non-supplemented; (3) exercised supplemented group (i.e., rats subjected to aerobic physical exercise that received HQ [2,000 mg/kg]); and (4) exercised control group (i.e., rats subjected to aerobic physical exercise, non-supplemented). After 30 days, all groups were analyzed for levels of serum glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and urea and activities of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Body weight gain, dietary intake, and lipid deposition were also analyzed. The results showed no hepatic and renal toxicity of HQ. Moreover, decreased food intake, body weight, fat deposition, and blood triacylglycerol level were observed in the supplemented groups (sedentary and exercised supplemented groups). These results suggest a potential use of HQ in human nutrition.

Modeling the impact of global warming on vector-borne infections.

Global warming will certainly affect the abundance and distribution of disease vectors. The effect of global warming, however, depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. In this work we review some mathematical models that were proposed to study the impact of the increase in ambient temperature on the spread and gravity of some insect-transmitted diseases.

Um modelo matemático para avaliação do impacto da temperatura na evolução da virulência / A mathematical model to evaluate the impact of temperature on the evolution of virulence

O fenômeno do aumento global da temperatura é uma realidade inquestionável. Tendo em vista tal cenário, acredita-se que haverá uma expansão geográfica (migração de populações humanas) e um aumento na incidência de infecções tropicais. No entanto, a tendência de aumento da severidade destas infecções como função do aumento da temperatura ainda é desconhecida. Suponha que duas cepas de um dado parasita estejam competindo pelo mesmo hospedeiro. É possível mostrar que, em geral, a cepa com uma estratégia evolucionária estável, isto é, aquela que vence a competição, é aquela com maior valor de reprodutibilidade basal. Queremos saber quais combinações de temperatura ambiental T e virulência V maximizam Ro(T, V). Para isto calculamos o plano tangente ao ponto máximo (ou a uma região de máximo) e analisamos as respectivas curvas de nível. Para tanto, calculamos o seguinte sistema de equações diferenciais: ?Ro/?T = 0 ; ?Ro/?V = 0 (1). Agora, consideremos o caso de uma infecção transmitida por um vetor. Demonstramos que, neste caso, o aumento na Virulência do parasita está associada ao aumento na Temperatura. Esta hipótese é embasada por evidências empíricas de dengue hemorrágica em Singapura que vem aumentando sua virulência à medida em que há um aumento observado da temperatura local nos últimos anos.

The phenomenon of global increase of the temperature is reality unquestionable. In this case, it is expected that the increase in the global temperature will lead to an expansion of the geographical spread and to an increase in the incidence of tropical infections. However, the trend in severity of those infections as a function of the increase in the temperature is still unknown. Suppose that two strains of a given parasite are competing for the same host. It is possible to demonstrate that, in general, the strain with an evolutionary stable strategy, that is, the one that wins the competition, is the one with the highest value of R 0. We want to know which combination of environmental temperature T and virulence V maximizes R 0( V ). For this we calculate the tangent plane to the maximum point, that is ?Ro/?T=0 ; ?Ro/?V=0 (2) Now, let us consider the case of a vector-borne infection. We demonstrate, in this case, that the increase in temperature is associated with an increase in the parasite virulence. This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence from dengue hemorrhagic fever in Singapore, which is increasing its virulence along with the increase in the local temperature observed in the last years.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Piper ovatum Vahl.

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Piperovatum Vahl by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents found were delta-amorphene (16.5 %), cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene (14.29 %) and gamma-muurolene(13.26%). The crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Hydroalcoholic extracts of different parts of Piper ovatum Vahl, essential oil andamides isolated from leaves were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. All extracts and amides were active against Bacillus subtilis andCandida tropicalis, including clinical strains. Essential oil was active against C. tropicalis.These amides showed an inhibitory effect on the adherence of C. tropicalis ATCC 28707 on cover glasses at 10 microg/mL, but did not show morphological alterations at the tested concentrations. Amides were identified as piperovatine and piperlonguminine, and showed MIC values of 15.6 and 31.2 microg/mL to B. subtilis and 3.9 microg/mL to C. tropicalis, and low toxic effects to Vero cells and macrophages.