Synthesis, Antitrypanosomal and Antimycobacterial Activities of Coumarin N-acylhydrazonic Derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Near to 5-7 million people are infected with T. cruzi in the world, and about 10,000 people per year die of problems associated with this disease. METHODS: Herein, the synthesis, antitrypanosomal and antimycobacterial activities of seventeen coumarinic N-acylhydrazonic derivatives have been reported. RESULTS: These compounds were synthesized using methodology with reactions global yields ranging from 46%-70%. T. cruzi in vitro effects were evaluated against trypomastigote and amastigote, forming M. tuberculosis activity towards H37Rv sensitive strain and resistant strains. DISCUSSION: Against T. cruzi, the more active compounds revealed only moderate activity IC50/96h~20 µM for both trypomastigotes and amastigotes intracellular forms. (E)-2-oxo-N'- (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide showed meaningful activity in INH resistant/RIP resistant strain. CONCLUSION: These compound acting as multitarget could be good leads for the development of new trypanocidal and bactericidal agents.

Synthesis and trypanocidal activity of novel pyridinyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives.

Herein, we present the design, synthesis and trypanocidal evaluation of sixteen new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives from N-aminobenzyl or N-arylhydrazone series. All derivatives were assayed against the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing IC50 values ranging from 3 to 226 µM, and a better trypanocidal profile was demonstrated for the 1,3,4-thiadiazole-N-arylhydrazones (3a-g). In this series, the 2-pyridinyl fragment bound to the imine subunit of the hydrazine moiety presented pharmacophoric behavior for trypanocidal activity. Compounds 2a, 11a and 3e presented remarkable activity and excellent selectivity indexes. Compound 2a was also active against the intracellular amastigote form of T. cruzi. Moreover, its corresponding hydrochloride, compound 11a, showed the most promising profile, producing phenotypic changes similar to those caused by posaconazole, a well-known inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis. Thus, 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative 11a could be considered a good prototype for the development of new drug candidates for Chagas disease therapy.

Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal Profile of Novel Hydrazonoyl Derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Approximately, 5-7 million people are infected with T. cruzi in the world, and approximately 10,000 people per year die of complications linked to this disease. METHODS: This work describes the construction of a new family of hidrazonoyl substituted derivatives, structurally designed exploring the molecular hybridization between megazol and nitrofurazone. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, and for their potential toxicity to mammalian cells. CONCLUSION: Among these hydrazonoyl derivatives, we identified the derivative (4) that showed trypanocidal activity (IC50/24 h = 15.0 µM) similar to Bz, the standard drug, and low toxicity to mammalian cells, reaching an SI value of 18.7.

Identification of Novel Functionalized Carbohydrazonamides Designed as Chagas Disease Drug Candidates.

BACKGROUND: Although several research efforts have been made worldwide to discover novel drug candidates for the treatment of Chagas disease, the nitroimidazole drug benznidazol remains the only therapeutic alternative in the control of this disease. However, this drug presents reduced efficacy in the chronic form of the disease and limited safety after long periods of administration, making it necessary to search for new, more potent and safe prototypes. OBJECTIVE: We described herein the synthesis and the trypanocidalaction of new functionalized carbohydrazonamides (2-10) against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS: These compounds were designed through the application of molecular hybridization concept between two potent anti-T. cruzi prototypes, the nitroimidazole derivative megazol (1) and the cinnamyl N-acylhydrazone derivative (14) which have been shown to be twice as potent in vitro as benznidazole. RESULTS: The most active compounds were the (Z)-N'-((E)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-acryloyl)-1-methyl-5- nitro-1H-imidazol-2-carbohydrazonamide (6) (IC50=9.50 µM) and the (Z)-N'-((E)-3-(4- hydroxyphe-nyl)-acryloyl)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-carbohydrazonamide (8) (IC50=12.85 µM), which were almost equipotent to benznidazole (IC50=10.26 µM) used as standard drug. The removal of the amine group attached to the imine subunit in the corresponding N-acylhydrazone derivatives (11-13) resulted in less potent or inactive compounds. The para-hydroxyphenyl derivative (8) presented also a good selectivity index (SI = 32.94) when tested against mammalian cells from Swiss mice. CONCLUSION: The promising trypanocidal profile of new carbohydrazonamide derivatives (6) and (8) was characterized. These compounds have proved to be a good starting point for the design of more effective trypanocidal drug candidates.

Erratum: Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of (E)-N'-benzyl-idene-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbo-hydrazide and the disordered hemi-DMSO solvate of (E)-2-oxo-N'-(3,4,5-trimeth-oxybenzyl-idene)-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide: lattice energy and inter-molecular inter-action energy calculations for the former. Corrigendum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1107/S2056989019012015.].

Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of (E)-N'-benzyl-idene-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbo-hydrazide and the disordered hemi-DMSO solvate of (E)-2-oxo-N'-(3,4,5-trimeth-oxybenzyl-idene)-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide: lattice energy and inter-molecular inter-action energy calculations for the former.

The crystal structures of the disordered hemi-DMSO solvate of (E)-2-oxo-N'-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide, C20H18N2O6·0.5C2H6OS, and (E)-N'-benzyl-idene-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide, C17H12N2O3 (4: R = C6H5), are discussed. The non-hydrogen atoms in compound [4: R = (3,4,5-MeO)3C6H2)] exhibit a distinct curvature, while those in compound, (4: R = C6H5), are essential coplanar. In (4: R = C6H5), C-H⋯O and π-π intra-molecular inter-actions combine to form a three-dimensional array. A three-dimensional array is also found for the hemi-DMSO solvate of [4: R = (3,4,5-MeO)3C6H2], in which the mol-ecules of coumarin are linked by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions, and form tubes into which the DMSO mol-ecules are cocooned. Hirshfeld surface analyses of both compounds are reported, as are the lattice energy and inter-molecular inter-action energy calculations of compound (4: R = C6H5).

Different mol-ecular conformations in the crystal structures of three 5-nitro-imidazolyl derivatives.

The crystal structures of (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde O-benzyl-oxime, C12H12N4O3, (I), (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carb-alde-hyde O-(4-fluoro-benz-yl) oxime, C12H11FN4O3, (II), and (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde O-(4-bromo-benz-yl) oxime, C12H11BrN4O3, (III), are described. The dihedral angle between the ring systems in (I) is 49.66 (5)° and the linking Nm-C-C=N (m = methyl-ated) bond shows an anti conformation [torsion angle = 175.00 (15)°]. Compounds (II) and (III) are isostructural [dihedral angle between the aromatic rings = 8.31 (5)° in (II) and 5.34 (15)° in (III)] and differ from (I) in showing a near-syn conformation for the Nm-C-C=N linker [torsion angles for (II) and (III) = 17.64 (18) and 8.7 (5)°, respectively], which allows for the occurrence of a short intra-molecular C-H⋯N contact. In the crystal of (I), C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into [010] chains, which are cross-linked by very weak C-H⋯O bonds into (100) sheets. Weak aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions occur between the sheets. The extended structures of (II) and (III) feature several C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the mol-ecules into three-dimensional networks, which are consolidated by aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions. Conformational energy calculations and Hirshfeld fingerprint analyses for (I), (II) and (III) are presented and discussed.

(2E)-N'-[(E)-2-Hy-droxy-benzyl-idene]-3-phenyl-prop-2-enohydrazide.

In the non-planar title compound, C(16)H(14)N(2)O(2), the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 16.67 (8)°. An E conformation is found for each of the imine [1.286 (2) Å] and ethyl-ene [1.335 (2) Å] bonds. The amide O and H atoms are anti, and an intra-molecular hy-droxy O-H⋯N hydrogen bond is noted. The formation of N-H⋯O(hy-droxy) hydrogen bonds in the crystal packing leads to helical chains along the b axis. Supra-molecular layers in the ab plane are formed as the chains are linked by C-H⋯O inter-actions.

(2E)-N'-[(E)-Benzyl-idene]-3-phenyl-prop-2-enohydrazide from synchrotron radiation.

In the title compound, C(16)H(14)N(2)O, the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 25.48 (12)°. An E conformation is found for each of the imine [1.269 (3) Å] and ethyl-ene [1.313 (3) Å] bonds. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to zigzag chains along [010]. Supra-molecular layers in the ab plane are formed, whereby the chains are linked by C-H⋯N and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Design and synthesis of new (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazones as potent antitrypanosomal agents.

We report herein the synthesis and trypanocidal profile of new (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazones (NAHs) designed by exploiting molecular hybridization between the potent cruzain inhibitors (E)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-3-hydroxy-N'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-7-methoxy-2-naphthohydrazide. These derivatives were evaluated against both amastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and lead us to identify two compounds that were approximately two times more active than the reference drug, benznidazole, and with good cytotoxic index. Although designed as cruzain inhibitors, the weak potency displayed by the best cinnamyl NAH derivatives indicated that another mechanism of action was likely responsible for their trypanocide action.

(2E)-N'-[(E)-4-Chloro-benzyl-idene]-3-phenyl-prop-2-enohydrazide monohydrate.

The conformation about each of the imine and ethene bonds in the title hydrazide hydrate, C(16)H(13)ClN(2)O·H(2)O, is E. The hydrazide mol-ecule is approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation of the 20 non-H atoms = 0.172 Å). The most significant twist occurs about the ethene bond [C-C=C-C = 164.1 (5)°] and the dihedral angle formed between the benzene rings is 5.3 (2)°]. In the crystal, the presence of N-H⋯O(w) and O-H⋯O(c) (× 2; w = water and c = carbon-yl) hydrogen bonds leads to a supra-molecular array in the bc plane.

Metabolism of the mesoionic compound (MI-D) by mouse liver microsome, detection of its metabolite in vivo, and acute toxicity in mice.

The mesoionic derivative 4-phenyl-5-[4-nitrocinnamoyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl-2-phenylamine chloride (MI-D) has antitumoral and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we present aspects of its metabolism and toxicity in mice. MI-D was metabolized in vitro by liver microsome, generating a main product with a much shorter retention time than MI-D in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis but with a spectrum similar to that of the original molecule. Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive mode analysis of the purified compound by HPLC indicated that the product of metabolism has four additional hydroxyl groups (m/z = 465) compared with MI-D (m/z = 401). The HPLC analyses of plasma and urine samples from mice treated with MI-D showed the presence of the metabolite product. The kinetic parameters K(m) (19.5 +/- 4.5 microM) and V(max) [1.5 +/- 0.4 units of fluorescence/(100 microg of microsomal protein/mL/s)] were estimated, confirming the metabolism of MI-D and indicating that the reaction follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Acute toxicity was established on the basis of an estimation of mean lethal dose (LD-50; 181.2 mg/kg) and histopathological analysis of animals that survived the LD-50 test. Abdominal adhesions, inflammatory foci, and formation of granulomas were observed. Altogether, the results contribute to the advancement of research in support of MI-D as a future chemotherapeutic drug.

Antileishmanial activity of 1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-aminide in mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis.

The efficacy of two mesoionic derivatives (MI-H-H and MI-4-OCH(3)) was evaluated in CBA/J mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Treatment with these compounds demonstrated that the MI-4-OCH(3) derivative and the reference drug meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) presented significant activity relative to an untreated control. No apparent hepatic or renal toxicity due to these mesoionic compounds was found.

N'-[(2E)-3-Phenyl-prop-2-eno-yl]benzo-hydrazide.

In the title compound, C(16)H(14)N(2)O(2), the conformation about the C=C bond is E, and the two amide groups are effectively orthogonal [the C-N-N-C torsion angle is 104.5 (2)°]. In the crystal structure, the amide groups groups associate via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, forming supra-molecular tapes with undulating topology along the c-axis direction.

5-(3-Nitro-benz-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine.

In the title mol-ecule, C(9)H(8)N(4)O(2)S, the dihedral angle between the thia-diazole and benzene rings is 73.92 (8)° and the thia-diazole group S atom is orientated towards the benzene ring, the central S-C-C-C torsion angle being 45.44 (18)°. In the crystal, supra-molecular tapes mediated by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and comprising alternating eight-membered {⋯HNCN}(2) and 10-membered {⋯HNH⋯NN}(2) synthons are formed along [010]. The tapes are consolidated into a three-dimensional network by a combination of C-H⋯O, C-H⋯S and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

(2E)-N'-Benzoyl-3-(4-nitro-phen-yl)prop-2-enohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(16)H(13)N(3)O(4), the dihedral angle between the terminal benzene rings is 14.02 (7)°. The carbonyl groups are anti with respect to each other, which facilitates their participation in the formation of supra-molecular chains. Each side of the -C(=O)N(H)N(H)C(=O)- residue associates with a centrosymmetrically related mol-ecule, resulting in the formation of essentially flat ten-membered {⋯O=CNN(H)}(2) synthons. The resultant chains are further consolidated in the crystal structure via C-H⋯O contacts.

Rubrofusarina, um policetídeo natural inibidor da topoisomerase II-α humana / Rubrofusarin, a natural polyketide as new human topoisomerase II-α inhibitor

Este trabalho descreve o efeito inibitório de rubrofusarina (5,6-diidroxi-8-metoxi-2-metilbenzo[g]cromen-4-ona, 1) sobre a enzima DNA topoisomerase II-α humana. Rubrofusarina mostrou total inibição da enzima topisomerase II-α na concentração de 120 µM. Este resultado é semelhante ao observado com etoposida, utilizada como controle positivo. Para a realização deste teste, rubrofusarina foi isolada de Senna macranthera var. nervosa (Voguel) Irwin & Barnebyem e caracterizada por métodos espectroscópicos, incluindo RMN 2D, do produto natural bem como de seu derivado monoacetilado.

This work describes the inhibitory effect of rubrofusarin (5,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[g]cromen-4-one, 1) against human DNA topoisomerase II-α. The results for relaxation assays showed total inhibition of topisomerase II-α by rubrofusarin at 120 µM. This result is comparable to the one observed with etoposide as positive control. For this study, rubrofusarin was isolated from Senna macranthera var. nervosa (Voguel) Irwin & Barnebyem and characterized by spectral data, including 2D NMR, as well as its acetylated derivative.

Effect of mesoionic 4-phenyl-5-(cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride derivative salts on the activities of the nitric oxide synthase and arginase of Leishmania amazonensis.

L-arginine is involved in the production of both nitric oxide (NO), mediated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and L-ornithine, by arginase activity. It is generally accepted that NO regulation occurs mainly at the transcriptional level of NOS. In a previous work we purported that there is evidence that Leishmania sp. can produce NO from L-arginine. An arginase activity in its gene sequence has also been reported in Leishmania parasites. In a search for intracellular targets as potential antileishmanicidal agents, such as the L-arginine metabolism, we used 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compounds, that have been demonstrated to be cytotoxic to the Leishmania amazonensis, when compared to Pentamidine isethionate as a reference drug. Parasites were assayed in absence/presence of 4'- and 3'-methoxy mesoionic derivatives in order to verify the effect on NO production and arginase activity in L. amazonensis. The results indicated that the drugs reduce from 70 to 90% of the NO production by the parasite and act on a soluble nitric oxide synthase purified from L. amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes.

Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of new trans-cinnamic acid hydrazide derivatives.

In this work, we report the synthesis and the antimycobacterial evaluation of new trans-cinnamic acid derivatives of isonicotinic acid series (5) and benzoic acid series (6), designed by exploring the molecular hybridization approach between isoniazid (1) and trans-cinnamic acid derivative (3). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compounds 5a-d and 6c exhibited activity between 3.12 and 12.5 microg/mL and could be a good start point to find new lead compounds against multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

Studies toward the structural optimization of new brazilizone-related trypanocidal 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives.

Megazol is a highly active compound against Trypanosoma cruzi, and has become a core structure for the design of new trypanocidal agents. Recently, we have identified the new potent trypanocide agent Brazilizone A, which presents an IC(50) twofold more potent than the prototype megazol. This result has encouraged us to further explore structurally-related 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives, in order to get a better understanding of their structural and antiprotozoal activity relationships. Herein we report the synthesis and trypanocidal profile of thirteen new Brazilizone A analogues, which supported the construction of 3D-QSAR models used for its structural optimization.