Physiological responses of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars to copper excess.

Successive applications of copper fungicides on vines have resulted in increased copper content in vineyard soils over the years. This high copper content has affected the growth of young vines in eradicated vineyards. Thus, the cultivation of annual species for a few years is an alternative to copper phytostabilization, because it would be a good way to decrease copper availability to plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of different soybean cultivars to copper concentration increase. Four different soybean cultivars were grown under three copper concentrations: 0.5, 20 and 40 µM in nutrient solution. The main outcomes of this study were: i) Cultivar M 6410 IPRO recorded the highest photosynthetic rate when plants were exposed to 40 µM of copper in the nutrient solution; ii) plants in cultivar M 6410 IPRO accumulated large copper concentrations in their roots although did not decrease the root dry mass, possibly due to the higher superoxide dismutase activity; iii) cultivar DM 5958 RSF IPRO recorded drastically reduced photosynthetic rate and dry mass production due to copper excess. We conclude that each cultivar responded differently to the excess of copper, but none of them showed tolerance to it.

Intercropping of young grapevines with native grasses for phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.

Intercropping may be a strategy for phytoremediation of vineyard soils with high copper (Cu) content. The study aimed to evaluate the contribution of South American native grasses in limiting Cu availability and toxicity in soils grown with grapevines. The soil used in the experiment was collected in natural grassland with no history of cultivation. The samples were air-dried; acidity, P and K levels were corrected and samples were then incubated. We used three Cu levels - natural content (Dose 0) and the addition of 40 and 80 mg Cu kg-1 of soil (Dose 40 and 80). At each Cu dose, grapevine was grown in three cropping treatments: monocropping, intercropping with Paspalum plicatulum and intercropping with Axonopus affinis. In intercropping, two grass seedlings were transplanted into each experimental unit 35 days prior to the transplanting of the grapevines. The soil solution was sampled and ionic speciation was carried out. At 70 days after planting, we sampled the grapevines to determine dry matter, morphological parameters and nutrient concentration in the roots and shoots. Intercropping young grapevines with Paspalum plicatulum and Axonopus affinis was efficient in promoting the growth of young grapevines at moderate and low levels of Cu contamination by reducing Cu bioavailability. This indicates that maintaining native grasses in young vineyards is an effective strategy for phytoremediating Cu-contaminated soils and obtaining a grape production system with reduced interventions in the native environment, in addition to contributing to soil protection and nutrient cycling.

Growth and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of black oat (Avena strigosa) grown in soils contaminated with copper.

Copper based pesticides are used to protect vineyards from fungal infections. Plants like black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) can promote chemical changes in the rhizosphere, reducing copper (Cu) bioavailability in contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate how copper additions would affect growth, morphology and nutrient uptake by black oats and how the plants affect the chemical composition in rhizosphere and bulk soil. The soil was collected in grassland of southern Brazil. The soil was air-dried, adjusted pH and added phosphorus and potassium amendments, and then it was incubated. Three Cu levels were established in the soil with the addition of 0, 40 and 80 mg Cu kg-1. The experimental design consisted of pots containing 8 plants with 10 kg of soil. Rhizosphere (2 kg of soil) and bulk (8 kg of soil) separated by a 30 µm nylon membrane. Black oat plants were grown for 54 days. The soil and solution were chemically characterized throughout cultivation for Cu speciation. At 54 days after emergence, the soil was sampled and proceeded chemical analysis and plants were collected to determine yield dry matter, morphological parameters and nutrient concentration. Black oat plants induce increase of pH and dissolved organic carbon in the rhizosphere. These root-induced processes increase the percentage of complexed chemical species and decrease free Cu+2 in soil solution, decreasing Cu toxicity. However, soil contamination with Cu induces morphological changes and nutritional imbalances. Black oats could thus be planted along with vineyards, for such increasing protect the soil and promote nutrient cycling, as well as reduce the free Cu available fraction due to the root-induced modifications in the rhizosphere.