Capitalizing glycomic changes for improved biomarker-based cancer diagnostics.

Cancer serum biomarkers are valuable or even indispensable for cancer diagnostics and/or monitoring and, currently, many cancer serum markers are routinely used in the clinic. Most of those markers are glycoproteins, carrying cancer-specific glycan structures that can provide extra-information for cancer monitoring. Nonetheless, in the majority of cases, this differential feature is not exploited and the corresponding analytical assays detect only the protein amount, disregarding the analysis of the aberrant glycoform. Two exceptions to this trend are the biomarkers α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), which are clinically monitored for their cancer-related glycan changes, and only the AFP assay includes quantification of both the protein amount and the altered glycoform. This narrative review demonstrates, through several examples, the advantages of the combined quantification of protein cancer biomarkers and the respective glycoform analysis, which enable to yield the maximum information and overcome the weaknesses of each individual analysis. This strategy allows to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity in the detection of cancer, enhancing the diagnostic power of biomarker-based cancer detection tests.

Strategies for screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care and other community settings.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolaemia is a common inherited condition that is associated with premature cardiovascular disease. The increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, resulting from high levels of cholesterol since birth, can be prevented by starting lipid-lowering therapy. However, the majority of patients in the UK and worldwide remain undiagnosed. Established diagnostic criteria in current clinical practice are the Simon-Broome and Dutch Lipid Clinical network criteria and patients are classified as having probable, possible or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of healthcare interventions strategies to systematically improve identification of familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care and other community settings compared to usual care (incidental approaches to identify familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care and other community settings). SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register. Date of last search: 13 September 2021. We also searched databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) as well as handsearching relevant conference proceedings, reference lists of included articles, and the grey literature. Date of last searches: 05 March 2020.  SELECTION CRITERIA: As per the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group guidelines, we planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSI). Eligible NRSI were non-randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted-time-series studies. We planned to selected studies with healthcare interventions strategies that aimed to systematically identify people with possible or definite clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia, in primary care and other community settings. These strategies would be compared with usual care or no intervention. We considered participants of any age from the general population who access primary care and other community settings. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors planned to independently select studies according to the inclusion criteria, to extract data and assess for risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence (according to the GRADE criteria). We contacted corresponding study authors in order to obtain further information for all the studies considered in the review. MAIN RESULTS: No eligible RCTs or NRSIs were identified for inclusion, however, we excluded 28 studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there are no RCTs or controlled NRSI evidence to determine the most appropriate healthcare strategy to systematically identify possible or definite clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care or other community settings. Uncontrolled before-and-after studies were identified, but were not eligible for inclusion. Further studies assessing healthcare strategies of systematic identification of familial hypercholesterolaemia need to be conducted with diagnosis confirmed by genetic testing or validated through clinical phenotype (or both).

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on protein and carbohydrate fractions of Marandu palisadegrass.

The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels on protein and carbohydrate fractions in Marandu palisadegrass pasture [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] were investigated in a pasture over five years. The experimental design was completely randomized with four levels of N (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha-1, as urea) for five years, and with three replicates. The study was conducted in a continuously stocked pasture during the forage growing season (December to April) in a tropical region. The effects of N fertilization were similar across the five years. With increasing N fertilization, the concentrations of crude protein (CP) increased from 103 to 173 g kg-1 (P < 0.001), soluble fractions (Fraction A + B1) increased from 363 to 434 g kg-1 of total CP (P = 0.006); neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased from 609 to 556 g kg-1 (P = 0.037); indigestible NDF (P = 0.046), potentially degradable neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.037), and acid detergent fiber decreased (P = 0.05), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) increased (P < 0.001). Increasing N fertilization decreased the concentrations of Fraction C (P = 0.014) and total carbohydrates (P < 0.0001), and increased CP:organic matter digestibility (P < 0.01). Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber free of ash and protein (P = 0.003), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber potentially degradable (P = 0.11), CP (P < 0.001), Fraction A + B1 (P < 0.001), Fraction B2 (P < 0.001), Fraction B3 (P < 0.01), and non-structural carbohydrates differed (P < 0.001) across years. Therefore, N fertilization can be used to increase CP, soluble protein, and TDN.

Does the Effect of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Dried Distiller's Grains on Nellore Bulls Finishing Phase Vary between Pasture and Feedlot?

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing cottonseed meal by dried distiller's grains (DDG) in terms of efficiency in the productive aspects of beef cattle finishing in pasture versus feedlot. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two production systems (pasture versus feedlot) and three supplements: CM, conventional supplement with cottonseed meal (CM) as a protein source; 50DDG: supplement with 50% replacement of CM by DDG; and 100DDG: 100% replacement. The effect of replacing CM by DDG on dry matter and nutrients intake and nutrients digestibility depends on the finishing system (p < 0.05). While in the pasture system animal consumed more nutrients in the CM, a greater intake was observed in the 100DDG in feedlot. The nutrients digestibility was lower in the pasture (p < 0.05). Animal performance and final body weight were higher in the feedlot (p < 0.0001), with averages of 1.57 kg/d and 566 kg of final body weight (FBW) for feedlot, and 0.99 kg/d and 504 kg FBW for pasture. The use of DDG does not change the animal performance finished in pasture or feedlot, and it is a viable alternative to replace conventional supplements in finishing phase in both systems in tropical environment.

The newly described Araguaian river dolphins, Inia araguaiaensis (Cetartiodactyla, Iniidae), produce a diverse repertoire of acoustic signals.

The recent discovery of the Araguaian river dolphin (Inia araguaiaensis) highlights how little we know about the diversity and biology of river dolphins. In this study, we described the acoustic repertoire of this newly discovered species in concert with their behaviour. We analysed frequency contours of 727 signals (sampled at 10 ms temporal resolution). These contours were analyzed using an adaptive resonance theory neural network combined with dynamic time-warping (ARTwarp). Using a critical similarity value of 96%, frequency contours were categorized into 237 sound-types. The most common types were emitted when calves were present suggesting a key role in mother-calf communication. Our findings show that the acoustic repertoire of river dolphins is far from simple. Furthermore, the calls described here are similar in acoustic structure to those produced by social delphinids, such as orcas and pilot whales. Uncovering the context in which these signals are produced may help understand the social structure of this species and contribute to our understanding of the evolution of acoustic communication in whales.

Underrepresentation of women in the senior levels of Brazilian science.

Despite significant progress, there is still a gender gap in science all over the world, especially at senior levels. Some progressive countries are recognizing the need to address barriers to gender equality in order to retain their best scientists and innovators, and ensure research excellence and social and economic returns on the investment made by taxpayers each year on training women scientists. We investigated the gender distribution of: (i) the productivity scholarship (PS) holders of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, N = 13,625), (ii) the members of the Brazilian Academy of Science (Academia Brasileira de Ciências, ABC, N = 899), and (iii) the amount of funding awarded for top quality research ("Universal" Call of CNPq, N = 3,836), between the years of 2013 and 2014. Our findings show evidence for gender imbalances in all the studied indicators of Brazilian science. We found that female scientists were more often represented among PS holders at the lower levels of the research ranking system (2). By contrast, male scientists were more often found at higher levels (1A and 1B) of PS holders, indicating the top scientific achievement, both in "Engineering, Exact Sciences, Earth Sciences", and "Life Sciences". This imbalance was not found in Humanities and Social Sciences. Only 14% of the ABC members were women. Humanities and Applied Social Sciences had a relatively low representation of women in the Academy (3.7%) compared to Engineering, Exact and Earth Sciences: 54.9% and Life Sciences: 41.4%. Finally, female scientists obtained significantly more funding at the lower level of the research ranking system (2), whereas male scientists obtained significantly more funding at the higher levels (1A and 1B). Our results show strong evidence of a gender imbalance in Brazilian science. We hope that our findings will be used to stimulate reforms that will result in greater equality in Brazilian science, and elsewhere.

Dawn-song onset coincides with increased HVC androgen receptor expression but is decoupled from high circulating testosterone in an equatorial songbird.

The song of songbirds is a testosterone-sensitive behavior that is controlled by brain regions expressing androgen receptors. At higher latitudes, seasonal singing is stimulated by increasing day-length and elevated circulating testosterone. However, a large number of songbird species inhabit equatorial regions under a nearly constant photoperiod, and the neuroendocrine mechanisms of seasonal song in these species have rarely been investigated. We studied males from an equatorial population of the silver-beaked tanager (Ramphocelus carbo), an Amazonian songbird. We found seasonality in dawn-song behavior, which was displayed continuously for more than half a year throughout an extended breeding territoriality stage. The seasonal activation of dawn-song was correlated with an increased area of androgen receptor expression in HVC, a major brain area of song control. However, testosterone levels remained low for several weeks after activation of dawn-song. Circulating levels of testosterone were elevated only later in the breeding season, coinciding with a higher dawn-song output and with the mating period. Our results suggest that the seasonal activation of dawn-song and territoriality involves an increase of androgen target cells in HVC. This mechanism could potentially function to circumvent adverse effects of high testosterone levels in a species with an extended breeding season.

Brinquedoteca hospitalar: a visão dos acompanhantes de crianças / Hospital toy library: the view of the child accompanying / Ludoteca hospitalaria: la visión de los acompañantes de los niños

Nas últimas décadas, os hospitais têm criado estratégias que visam humanizar a assistência à saúde, entre as quais se destaca a implantação de brinquedotecas. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar a percepção dos acompanhantes de pacientes pediátricos acerca desses espaços. Participaram 39 acompanhantes de quatro hospitais. Para esta investigação, utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, cujos dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes conceituam a brinquedoteca a partir das atividades que são realizadas no espaço e das relações estabelecidas entre as pessoas e os objetos que lá se encontram. Além disso, consideram-na como promotora de desenvolvimento e bem-estar. O brincar foi compreendido pelos acompanhantes como parte da experiência de ser criança e permiti-lo no hospital favorece a preservação de um importante componente da rotina infantil. Em síntese, os acompanhantes avaliam a brinquedoteca como espaço promotor de saúde e desenvolvimento.

In the last decades, hospitals have created strategies to humanize the health assistance, among these there is the implementation of toy library. This study had as general objective investigate the perception of the accompanying of pediatric patients on these spaces. There were 39 accompanying participants of four hospitals. For this investigation we used a semi-structure interview script, and the collected data were analyzed using content analysis. The results indicated that the participants conceptualize the playroom from the activities that are held in the space and the relationships established between people and the objects found there. Also, they consider it as a promoter of development and welfare. The play was understood by accompanying as part of being a child experience and allows it in the hospital favors the preservation of an important component of children's routine. In summary, the accompanying evaluated the playroom as a space of health and development promotion.

En las últimas décadas, los hospitales crearon estrategias destinadas a humani­zar la asistencia sanitaria, entre ellas, se destaca la implantación de ludotecas. El estu­dio pretende investigar la percepción de los acompañantes de pacientes pediátricos sobre estos espacios. Participaron 39 acompañantes de cuatro hospitales. Fue utilizado un guión­ de entrevista semiestructurada, siendo los datos analizados mediante análisis de contenido. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes conceptúan la ludoteca a partir de las actividades que se realizan en el espacio y de las relaciones que se establecen­ entre las personas y de estas con los objetos que están allí. Además, la consideran como promotora de desarrollo y bienestar. Los acompañantes entendieron el juego como parte de la experiencia de ser un niño y dejarlo en el hospital promueve la preservación de un importante componente de la rutina infantil. En resumen, los acompañantes evalúan la ludoteca como espacio promotor de salud y desarrollo.

Influence of the nycthemeral cycle on the roosting behaviour of the Orange-winged Amazon.

Environmental stimuli exert important effects on the expression of the endogenous rhythms. Daily movements of groups of parrots in response to the light/dark cycle have been studied by several researchers. However, the factors modifying the intrinsic rhythmicity of this behaviour remain little known. This study describes how the nychthemeral/circadian periodicity of roost daily movements of the Orange-winged Amazon Amazona amazonica is modified by weather factors. Numbers of parrots arriving or leaving the roosting site Ilha dos Papagaios were determined on a minute by minute basis. More parrots have significantly arrived at the roost after sunset than before, while more parrots have significantly left the roost before sunrise than after. The peak exodus of parrots occurred at 23 ± 5.24 minutes before sunrise, when the average light intensity was 1 lux. The peak influx of parrots occurred at 6 ± 6.1 minutes after sunset, when the average light intensity was 50 lux. By altering ambient light intensity, weather conditions have significantly influenced the arrival and departure times, with parrots leaving later and arriving earlier when conditions were overcast at the roost site.

El estudio de la sintaxis infantil a partir del diálogo con niños: Aportes metodológicos / The study of children syntax from child-adult dialogues: Methodological contributions

En el estudio del desarrollo sintáctico infantil se plantea con frecuencia que trabajar con muestras espontáneas, es decir instancias dialogales cotidianas entre niños o entre niños y adultos, resulta problemático pues es necesario contar con un volumen considerable de habla infantil para poder recoger las formas sintácticas en estudio y realizar con ellas un análisis estadístico (Demuth, 1996). Además se alega que los datos obtenidos resultan espurios pues en los contextos espontáneos es difícil controlar la injerencia de variables contextuales (Echeverría, 1978). No obstante se ha considerado que estas muestras ofrecen datos cualitativos muy ricos. Con el objeto de plantear una alternativa a la tensión metodológica mencionada, se presenta un diseño de entrevista semiestructurada que procura conservar las características distintivas de los intercambios conversacionales pero que también, permite obtener un volumen de datos que habilita la comparación entre sujetos y el procesamiento estadístico. En efecto, los datos obtenidos a partir de la implementación de una entrevista semidirigida a niños y niñas de 5 y 7 años, de dos diferentes niveles socioeconómicos permitió obtener no sólo una cantidad importante (860 unidades) de las cláusulas en estudio (Cláusulas relativas -Crs.-), sino además apreciar cuán valioso resulta conservar la mayor cantidad de características del uso lingüístico infantil en contexto, para comprender la compleja dinámica del desarrollo sintáctico. Así el análisis de la muestra permitió identificar la existencia de siete tipos de Crs. y observar que diferentes formas de Crs. coexisten en un mismo corte etario, pero que cada tipo posee funciones discursivas específicas.

In the literature about children syntactic development, particularly during last four decades, it's been frequently read that studies sustain on spontaneous speech samples, i.e., daily dialogic instances between children or between children and adults, are problematic because it's necessary to have a considerable amount of children talk to pick up the syntactic forms in study and carry out a statistical analysis (Demuth, 1996). Besides some studies consider that samples does not represent child language uses but some specific usages (Chomsky, 1969), and so the results lacks of validity and are only descriptions of syntactic tendencies (Lust, Flynn, & Foley, 1996) or that the data are spurious because in spontaneous contexts is difficult to control the interference of contextual variables (Echeverría, 1978). However there is consensus about the fact that these samples provide rich qualitative data. In order to pose an alternative to this methodological controversy, this paper presents a semistructured interview design that seeks to preserve the distinctive characteristics of conversational exchanges but allows obtaining a sizeable amount of children syntactic data, to make a comparison between subjects and statistical processing. The design takes into account the contributions of a group of cognitive perspectives about the processes by which the subjects produce, comprehend, acquire, and develop language: Cognitive Linguistic (Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 1987), Mental cognitive frames and Spaces Theory (Fauconnier, 1985), Gramaticalization Theory (Hopper, 1998), and Language Usage Model (Tomasello, 2001). Also it considers some methodological criteria from Sociolinguistics (Labov, 1991; Lavandera, 1984), Ethnography of speaking (Gumperz, 1982), Functionalist perspective on language development (Karmiloff-Smith, 1986), and a set of criteria developed in a previous exploratory research (Silva, 2001). We select interview because it's recognized that it's the situation which best reproduces the characteristics of everyday conversational interactions (Labov, 1991) and in it subjects (children or adults) tend to provide more information to a skilled interviewer than in questionnaires. We formulated a set of criteria that prevent reproducing experimental circumstances (i.e., children feel self-conscious and evaluated) and thus enable children to interact with the interviewer inthe most natural and spontaneous way as possible. The results obtained by Silva (2008) provided empirical support to the effectiveness of the methodological instrument developed. The aim of the study was to identify and describe the different forms of Relative Clauses (Rcs.) produced by two groups of children of 5 and 7 years in adult-child interactions. Considering the particular purposes of this research adaptations were made to the classical interview. The first adaptation was to convert the interview into a semi-structured interaction. With this technique we could obtain sizeable children autonomous speech and functional uses of Rcs.The instrument promotes children productions of discursive sequences by focusing the interaction on different significant childhood topics. So we had to identify, in a preliminary screening study, the discursive nuclei in the children communities. With the semi-structured interview we were able to collect 860 Rcs. and identify seven different types of Rcs. The analysis of the data allows us to sustain that different forms of Rcs. coexist at a same age and that they distribute their contexts of usage and their discursive functions. These results do not coincide with those of obtained previously in experimental studies (Gili & Gaya, 1972; Múgica & Solana, 1999; Solana, 1996, 1997). We believe that this discrepancy is due to the methodological tool used because it allowed observing the interrelation between syntactic forms and others discursive competence factors, such as Media Length Utterance. In sum, the methodological resource proposed seems to be a valuable tool to preserve much of child language usage characteristics in context and to understand the complex dynamics of syntactic development.

Singing in the rain forest: how a tropical bird song transfers information.

How information transmission processes between individuals are shaped by natural selection is a key question for the understanding of the evolution of acoustic communication systems. Environmental acoustics predict that signal structure will differ depending on general features of the habitat. Social features, like individual spacing and mating behavior, may also be important for the design of communication. Here we present the first experimental study investigating how a tropical rainforest bird, the white-browed warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus, extracts various information from a received song: species-specific identity, individual identity and location of the sender. Species-specific information is encoded in a resistant acoustic feature and is thus a public signal helping males to reach a wide audience. Conversely, individual identity is supported by song features susceptible to propagation: this private signal is reserved for neighbors. Finally, the receivers can locate the singers by using propagation-induced song modifications. Thus, this communication system is well matched to the acoustic constraints of the rain forest and to the ecological requirements of the species. Our results emphasize that, in a constraining acoustic environment, the efficiency of a sound communication system results from a coding/decoding process particularly well tuned to the acoustic properties of this environment.

How a simple and stereotyped acoustic signal transmits individual information: the song of the White-browed Warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus.

The White-browed Warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus, a common bird of the BrazilianAtlantic forest, emits only one distinct song type in the context of territorial defense. Individual or neighbor-stranger recognition may be more difficult when birds share similar songs. In fact, the analysis of songs of different individuals reveals slight differences in the temporal and the frequency domains. Effectively, a careful examination of the signals of different individuals (21) by 5 complementary methods of analysis reveals first, that one or two gaps in frequency occur between two successive notes at different moments of the song, and second, that their temporal and frequency positions are stereotyped for each individual. Playback experiments confirm these findings. By propagation experiments, we show that this individual information can be only transmitted at short range (< 100 m) in the forest. In regard to the size and the repartition of territories, this communication process appears efficient and adaptive.

How a simple and stereotyped acoustic signal transmits individual information: the song of the White-browed Warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus

O Pula-pula-assobiador Basileuterus leucoblepharus, um pássaro comum da Mata Atlântica, emite um único e distintivo tipo de canto para defesa territorial. O reconhecimento individual ou entre vizinho e estranho pode ser mais difícil quando as aves compartilham cantos semelhantes. De fato, a análise dos cantos de diferentes indivíduos revelou ligeiras diferenças nos domínios temporal e das freqüências. Efetivamente, um exame cuidadoso dos sinais de 21 indivíduos diferentes por 5 métodos complementares de análise revelou que, primeiro, um ou dois espaços na série tonal ocorrem entre duas notas sucessivas em determinados momentos do canto e, segundo, ocupam posiçäes em tempo e freqüência estereotipadas para cada indivíduo. Experiências de "play-back" confirmam esses dados. Através de experiências de propagação, mostramos que esta informação individual pode ser transmitida somente a curta distância ( < 100 m) na mata. Considerando o tamanho e a repartição dos territórios, este processo de comunicação mostra-se eficiente e bem adaptado.

Estrutura e organização de sinais de comunicação complexos: o caso do Sabiá-laranjeira Turdus rufiventris (Aves, Passeriformes, Turdinae)

O Sabiá-laranjeira Turdus rufiventris é uma espécie de pássaro conspícua e comum da fauna Neotropical. Seu canto melodioso e variado é o principal responsável pela sua popularidade no Brasil. O canto do Sabiá-laranjeira é um sinal de comunicação complexo, com função de reconhecimento específico, que apresenta variação inter e intra-individual. O repertório é representado pelos diferentes tipos de unidades constituintes do canto, as notas, que são emitidas em seqüências de imprevisibilidade variável e com uma ritmicidade regular, entre pausas mais longas que delimitam as frases. Cada indivíduo possui um repertório próprio, com diferentes tipos de notas emitidas em seqüências variáveis. Na nossa amostra de gravações de 44 indivíduos diferentes provenientes de toda área de distribuição, identificamos e denominamos cada uma das 7826 notas emitidas com uma letra do alfabeto, além de medirmos seus parâmetros físicos. Aplicamos ferramentas matemáticas baseadas na teoria da informação e criamos um índice que integra os valores da entropia e ritmicidade do canto individual para amenizar a heterogeneidade da amostra e elucidar a magnitude da variação. Analisamos os dados de entropia de 2° momento, esquematizamos as seqüências e sintetizamos os resultados em análises de conglomerados para definir a estrutura e organização do canto. Não obstante essas suas características que desafiam nossa compreensão acerca da comunicação animal, o Sabiá-laranjeira se reconhece como espécie, se comunica e estabelece todas as funções vitais necessárias de forma bem sucedida. A teoria da informação, aplicada à estrutura e organização do canto de Turdus rufiventris, permitiu identificar o comportamento caótico desse sinal de comunicação, abrindo o caminho para futuras análises que demonstrem de forma mais clara a funcionalidade e codificação dos sistemas complexos de comunicação sonora (AU)

Tumor germinativo extra-gonadal e síndrome de Klinefelter: relato de caso / Extragonadal germ cell tumor and Klinefelter's syndrome: case report

Muitos relatos vêm sugerindo a associaçäo entre a síndrome de Klinefelter e o tumor germinativo. Um risco elevado de tumor germinativo extragonadal (mediastinal) ocorre a partir da adolescência até 30 anos. O autor apresenta o caso de um jovem de 19 anos de idade com sintomas respiratórios, massa torácica e características clínicas de síndrome de Klinefelter. O cariótipo do sangue periférico foi de 47 XXY e o estudo da lesäo torácica foi de teratoma imaturo. O paciente foi tratado com quimioterapia combinada seguida de toracotomia, estando em remissäo completa há seis anos após o diagnóstico. Este estudo discute as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com tumor germinativo extragonadal associado a síndrome de Klinefelter, e sua participaçäo na gênese dos tumores de células germinativas.

Descrição do repertório vocal do sabiá - laranjeira - Turdus rufiventris (Aves, passeriformes, turdinae) / Vocal repertoire description of the rufous-bellied thrush

Analisa o repertório vocal do Sabiá-laranjeira Turdus rufíventris (Aves, passeriformes, turdinae) com o objetivo de esclarecer a magnitude da complexidade de seu canto. Propõe a descrição do repertório da espécie, com a medição dos parâmetros físicos das notas, sua classificação em tipos estruturais e a transcrição das seqüências de notas em cada indivíduo, identificando correlações do tamanho do repertório individual com fatores ambientais e populacionais. Utiliza gravações de 44 Ss, provenientes de 24 locais correspondentes à área total de distribuição da espécie, entre Brasil e Argentina. Os resultados apontam: que a porcentagem de notas compartilhadas entre indivíduos diferentes é pequena (4,05 por cento) e não há características populacionais formando dialetos, as seqüências das notas variam intra-individualmente, caracterizando a versatilidade do canto. Os parâmetros físicos das notas, constituídas por sons puros e amplamente modulados, são distribuídos de forma homogênea na amostra. Quanto aos fatores extrínsecos, somente a densidade populacional pode ter influênciado no tamanho do repertório, que é menor em populações de densidade alta (p=0,021). Perturbações de ambientes urbanos não se correlacionam com o tamanho do repertório. Conclui que a comunicação sonora do Sabiá -laranjeira apresenta variações suficientes para o reconhecimento individual, que pode estar relacionado à otimização da defesa territorial, oferece metodologia objetiva de análise de sinais de comunicação sofisticados (AU)