[Neurological complications associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in adult patients. A study of a case series]. / Complicaciones neurológicas asociadas al tratamiento con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) en pacientes adultos. Estudio de una serie de casos.

INTRODUCTION: ECMO is an advanced technique of ventilatory and circulatory support. However, it can be associated with neurological complications. The proposal is to describe the clinical characteristics and neurological complications profile in patients under ECMO support. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To descriptive a case series study. A descriptive and retrospective analysis and a bivariate analysis were performed in order to compare the main clinical variables of interest. RESULTS: 136 adults undergoing ECMO with an average age of 51 years (17-78) were evaluated. Neurological complications were observed in 51 patients (37.5%), corresponding to stroke 22 (16.17%), hypoxic encephalopathy 13 (9.5 %), cerebral hemorrhage (HIC) in 12 (8.8%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (HSA) in 4 patients (2.9%). Seven (13.7%) of patients with neurological complications had seizures. Neurological complications occurred in 23.53% in venovenous ECMO and in 76.47% with veno-arterial ECMO (p = 0.86). The overall mortality was 51.47% (70/136) for all patients in ECMO and 64.7% (33/51) for the population with neurological complications. The mortality in stroke was 54.5% (12/22), 91.6% (11/12) in HIC and 100% (4) in HSA (p = 0.03). Mortality was higher in veno-arterial ECMO (77.14%) versus venous-venous ECMO (22.86% of total), (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: ECMO is a useful therapeutic tool in cases of high clinical severity. In our study, we identified a high rate of neurological complications that contribute to associated morbidity and mortality. Early neuroimaging studies in these cases could allow early detection of these complications.

TITLE: Complicaciones neurológicas asociadas al tratamiento con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) en pacientes adultos. Estudio de una serie de casos.Introducción. La ECMO es una técnica avanzada de soporte ventilatorio y circulatorio. Sin embargo, puede asociarse a complicaciones neurológicas. Se propone describir las características clínicas y el perfil de las complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes sometidos a ECMO. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de una serie de casos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y un análisis bivariado con la finalidad de comparar las principales variables clínicas de interés. Resultados. Se evaluó a 136 adultos sometidos a ECMO con edad promedio de 51 años (17-78). Las complicaciones neurológicas se presentaron en 51 pacientes (37,5%), de los cuales correspondieron a ictus 22 (16,17%); a encefalopatía hipóxica, 13 (9,5%); a hemorragia intracerebral (HIC), 12 (8,8%), y a hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA), cuatro (2,9%). Siete (13,7%) de los pacientes con complicaciones neurológicas presentaron crisis epilépticas. Las complicaciones neurológicas se presentaron en 12 pacientes (23,53%) con la ECMO venovenosa y en 39 (76,47%) con la ECMO venoarterial (p = 0,86). La mortalidad global fue del 51,47% (70/136 pacientes) y del 64,7% (33/51) para la población con complicaciones neurológicas. La mortalidad en el ictus fue del 54,5% (12/22), del 91,6% (11/12) en la HIC y del 100% (4/4) en la HSA (p = 0,03). La mortalidad en la ECMO venoarterial fue del 77,14%, frente al 22,86% de la de la ECMO venovenosa (p = 0,015). Conclusiones. La ECMO es una herramienta terapéutica útil en casos de elevada gravedad clínica. En nuestro estudio, identificamos una elevada tasa de complicaciones neurológicas que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad asociada. La realización temprana de estudios de neuroimagen en estos casos podría permitir una detección temprana de estas complicaciones.

[Dietary factors associated with stroke: a literature review]. / Factores dieteticos asociados al ictus: revision de la bibliografia.

INTRODUCTION: The stroke is a chronic non-transmissible disease of high impact that is caused by different factors, among which are those related to lifestyles, that dietary factors are part. AIM: To review the evidence in relation to dietary factors associated with stroke. DEVELOPMENT: We conducted a literature review of the dietary factors and stroke. Research shows a decrease risk stroke, according to the recommended intake: 39% for Mediterranean diet, 19% for DASH diet, 10% for nuts, 26% for fruits and vegetables, 31% for fish, 26% for total protein, 9% for low-fat dairy, and 18% for calcium. On the other hand an increase in the risk of up to 58% to Western diet, 13% for processed meat and 23% for salt; in relation to the intake of legumes, eggs and whole milk, the results are heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: The intake nuts, fruits and vegetables, fish, total protein, low-fat dairy, calcium and high adherence to Mediterranean and DASH diet could to have protective effects on stroke. While the Western diet and high consumption of red meat and processed meat, salt could to be a risk factor. Further investigation in relation to consumption of legumes, eggs, whole milk, rice, potatoes and soft drink is also necessary.

TITLE: Factores dieteticos asociados al ictus: revision de la bibliografia.Introduccion. El ictus es una condicion cronica no transmisible de alto impacto, producida por diferentes factores, entre los que estan los relacionados con el estilo de vida, de los cuales forman parte los factores dieteticos. Objetivo. Revisar la evidencia existente con relacion a los factores dieteticos asociados al ictus. Desarrollo. Se realizo una revision de la bibliografia de los factores dieteticos y el ictus. Los estudios revisados describen una disminucion del riesgo de ictus, segun el consumo recomendado, hasta del 39% para la dieta mediterranea, el 19% para la dieta DASH, el 10% para las nueces, el 26% para las frutas y verduras, el 31% para el pescado, el 26% para la proteina total, el 9% para los lacteos bajos en grasa y el 18% para el calcio. Por el contrario, describen un aumento del riesgo hasta del 58% para la dieta occidental, el 13% para la carne procesada y el 23% para la sal. En relacion con el consumo de legumbres, huevos y leche entera, los resultados son heterogeneos. Conclusiones. El consumo de nueces, frutas y verduras, pescado, proteina total, lacteos bajos en grasa, calcio y la alta adhesion a las dietas DASH y mediterranea podrian tener efectos protectores para el ictus. Mientras que el alto consumo de carnes rojas y procesadas, sal y la dieta occidental podrian constituir un factor de riesgo. Asimismo, es necesaria una mayor investigacion en relacion con el consumo de legumbres, huevos, leche entera, arroz, patatas y bebidas azucaradas.

[Factors associated to the visiting time in patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease]. / Factores asociados al tiempo de consulta en pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica.

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in underdeveloped countries has made it a public health issue. Establishing therapy within the first three hours in the case of patients with cerebrovascular disease has proved to have beneficial effects on the patient. AIM: To identify the factors associated with the time taken to visit the hospital emergency department by patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease in the population of Colombia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study that included patients over 18 years old who had been clinically diagnosed as having an acute ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. The time between onset of symptoms and admission to the emergency department was estimated and then related to sociodemographic and cultural factors and the severity of the clinical features. RESULTS: The mean time taken to visit hospital was 17 hours and 48 minutes (standard deviation: 24 hours and 12 minutes). In 22.8% of cases the patient was admitted within the first three hours. Patients who were covered by the subsidised health care system and came from low socioeconomic classes, together with those from rural areas took longer to visit (p < 0.005). The values on the United States Institute of Health scale did not have any relation to visiting times. CONCLUSIONS: The time that elapses between the presentation of the cerebrovascular disease and visiting the emergency department in the Colombian population is high, especially among the population with lower levels of income and schooling. There is a need to implement models of education targeted towards the community and focused on the early identification of signs, symptoms and impact of cerebrovascular disease, as well as to set up a system of health care that prevents delays by coordinating resources both inside and outside hospitals.