Effectiveness of resistance exercise compared to aerobic exercise without insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise has been used to mitigate the metabolic effects of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of resistance exercise when compared to aerobic exercise without insulin therapy on metabolic and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Papers were searched on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and SCIELO, without language or date of publication limits. Clinical trials that compared resistance exercise to aerobic exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not use insulin therapy were included. The quality of evidence and risk of bias were assessed using the GRADE system and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, respectively. Meta-analysis was also used, whenever possible. Two reviewers extracted the data independently. Eight eligible articles were included in this study, with a total of 336 individuals, with a mean age of 48-58 years. The protocols of aerobic and resistance exercise varied in duration from eight to 22 weeks, 30-60min/day, three to five times/week. RESULTS: Overall the available evidence came from a very low quality of evidence and there was an increase in Maximal oxygen consumption (mean difference: -2.86; 95% CI: -3.90 to -1.81; random effect) for the resistance exercise and no difference was found in Glycated hemoglobin, Body mass index, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance exercise appears to be more effective in promoting an increase in Maximal oxygen consumption in protocols longer than 12 weeks and there is no difference in the control of glycemic and lipid levels between the two types of exercise.

Is swimming able to maintain bone health and to minimize postmenopausal bone resorption?

OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats. METHODS: 40 neonate Wistar female rats were separated into: monosodium glutamate group (GluM, n = 20) and received MSG solution (4.0 mg/g) on alternate days during the first 14 days after birth, and Saline group (SAL, n = 20) which received saline solution for the same period of time and at the same dose.At 60 days of age, GluM group was ovariectomized (GluMO) and SAL group just suffered surgical stress. Subsequently, half the animals in each group started swimming, resulting in groups: sedentary saline (SALsed, n = 10), swimming saline (SALswi, n = 10), sedentary ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOsed, n = 10) and swimming ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOswi, n = 10). At the end of the experiment, we measured the animals' longitudinal length and weight; their radius was weighed and its length measured. RESULTS: The animals of the GluMOsed group had lower body weight and longitudinal length compared to SALsed. Swimming decreased body weight, but had no influence on the longitudinal length of the GluMOswi group compared to GluMOsed group. Longitudinal length and body weight were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Radius weight and length of GluMOsed animals were lower than in SALsed animals. There was no difference in these parameters between GluMOsed and GluMOswi groups; however, these parameters were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. CONCLUSION: Swimming does not influence previously affected bone tissue during the neonatal period, however it may cause damage to healthy bone tissue.

A natação é capaz de manter a saúde do tecido ósseo e minimizar a reabsorção óssea pós-menopausa? / Is swimming able to maintain bone health and to minimize postmenopausal bone resorption?

Objetivo: Estudou-se o efeito da natação sobre o crescimento somático e ósseo de ratas. Métodos: usaram-se 40 ratas Wistar neonatas separadas em grupo glutamato monossódico (GluM, n = 20), que recebeu solução de MSG (4 mg/g), em dias alternados, nos primeiros 14 dias de vida; e Grupo Salina (SAL, n = 20), que recebeu solução salina na mesma dose e no mesmo período. Aos 60 dias de vida, o grupo GluM foi ovariectomizado (GluMO) e o SAL passou apenas pelo estresse cirúrgico. Posteriormente, metade dos animais de cada grupo iniciou o treinamento de natação, o que resultou nos grupos Salina sedentário (SALsed, n = 10), Salina natação (SALnat, n = 10), Glutamato ovariectomia sedentário (GluMOsed, n = 10) e Glutamato ovariectomia natação (GluMOnat, n = 10). Ao término do experimento, os animais tiveram o comprimento longitudinal mensurado e foram pesados; o rádio foi pesado e o comprimento, avaliado. Resultados: Os animais do grupo GluMOsed apresentaram peso corpóreo e comprimento longitudinal menores em relação ao SALsed. A natação diminuiu o peso corpóreo, porém não exerceu influência no comprimento longitudinal dos animais do grupo GluMOnat em relação ao GluMOsed. Peso corpóreo e comprimento longitudinal foram menores nos animais do grupo SALnat quando comparados aos do SALsed. Peso e comprimento do rádio dos animais do grupo GluMOsed foram menores do que os do SALsed. Não houve diferença desses parâmetros entre os grupos GluMOsed e GluMOnat. Contudo, foram menores nos animais do grupo SALnat em relação ao SALsed. Conclusão: O treino de natação não exerce influência no tecido ósseo previamente afetado durante o período neonatal e ainda pode causar prejuízo ao tecido ósseo sadio .

Objective: We studied the effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats. Methods: 40 neonate Wistar female rats were separated into: monosodium glutamate group (GluM, n = 20) and received MSG solution (4.0 mg/g) on alternate days during the first 14 days after birth, and Saline group (SAL, n = 20) which received saline solution for the same period of time and at the same dose.At 60 days of age, GluM group was ovariectomized (GluMO) and SAL group just suffered surgical stress. Subsequently, half the animals in each group started swimming, resulting in groups: sedentary saline (SALsed, n = 10), swimming saline (SALswi, n = 10), sedentary ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOsed, n = 10) and swimming ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOswi, n = 10). At the end of the experiment, we measured the animals' longitudinal length and weight; their radius was weighed and its length measured. Results: The animals of the GluMOsed group had lower body weight and longitudinal length compared to SALsed. Swimming decreased body weight, but had no influence on the longitudinal length of the GluMOswi group compared to GluMOsed group. Longitudinal length and body weight were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Radius weight and length of GluMOsed animals were lower than in SALsed animals. There was no difference in these parameters between GluMOsed and GluMOswi groups; however, these parameters were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Conclusion: Swimming does not influence previously affected bone tissue during the neonatal period, however it may cause damage to healthy bone tissue. .

Treino moderado de corrida causa alterações nas propriedades biomecânicas do tendão do calcâneo? / Do moderate running training changes the biomechanical properties of the achilles tendon? / ¿Entrenamiento físico moderado causan cambios en las propiedades biomecánicas del tendón de aquiles?

O efeito do treinamento aeróbio ainda apresenta resultados conflitantes com relação às respostas biomecânicas apresentadas pelo tendão após um período de treinamento aeróbio moderado, como a corrida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de um protocolo de corrida de intensidade moderada em esteira sobre as propriedades mecânicas dos tendões do calcâneo de ratos. Para o ensaio mecânico os tendões foram tracionados até o ponto de fracasso do espécime. O treinamento aeróbiode intensidade moderada em ratos não causa alterações nas propriedades biomecânicas do tendão de calcâneo, desta forma, parece não representar risco podendo ser eficaz por não levar o tendão do Calcâneo ao estresse e a fadiga mecânica.

The effect of aerobic training has presented conflicting results regarding the biomechanical responses submitted by the tendon after a period of moderate aerobic training such as running. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a protocol running on a treadmill at moderate intensity on the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendons of rats. For mechanical test the tendons were pulled to the point of failure of the specimen. The moderate-intensity aerobic training in rats does not changes in the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, thus, does not seem to pose a risk can be effective for not taking the Achilles tendon to mechanical stress and fatigue.

El efecto de entrenamiento aerobio ha presentado resultados contradictorios respecto a las respuestas biomecánicas presentado por el tendón después de un período de entrenamiento aerobio moderado, como correr. Este estudio pretende evaluar el efecto de un protocolo de correr en una cinta a una intensidad moderada en las propiedades mecánicas de los tendones de Aquiles de las ratas. Para pruebas mecánicas de los tendones se retiraron hasta el punto de fracaso de la muestra. El entrenamiento aerobio de intensidad moderada en las ratas no provoca cambios en las propiedades biomecánicas del tendón de Aquiles, por lo tanto, no parece representar un riesgo puede ser eficaz para no tomar el tendón de Aquiles a la tensión mecánica y la fatiga.

Mechanical properties of achilles tendon in rats induced to experimental diabetes.

The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of chemically induced diabetes mellitus (DM) on the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of rats and correlate it with metabolic and biomechanical findings. Adult rats were selected randomly and assigned to two groups, the diabetic group consisted of animals receiving a dose of streptozotocin to induce type I diabetes and the control group. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for analysis of metabolism. Ten weeks after diabetes induction, the Achilles tendon of both groups were collected and submitted to a traction test in a conventional testing machine. The measurements of mechanical properties indicated that the elastic modulus (MPa) was significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.01). In Maximum tension (MPa), the groups did not have differences (p > 0.01). Energy/tendon area (N mm/mm²), specific strain (%) and maximum specific strain (mm) were higher in tendon tests of the diabetic group (p < 0.01). We observed that the mechanical properties of tendons have correlations with metabolic properties of the diabetic animals. These results showed that induced DM in rats have an important negative effect on the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon.