Explaining the Educational Needs of Iranian First-Time Parents for Adaptation to Parental Role: A Qualitative Study.

Background: The transition to parenthood is one of the most challenging experiences in a couple's life, which can be stressful and difficult. A positive transition period affects the quality of parents' behavior and the baby's health. This qualitative study aimed to explain the educational needs of adaptation to parental role among first-time parents in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 25 participants from a variety of ethnic backgrounds were recruited in Ahvaz, Iran, using purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were used to collect the data which were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: Three main categories emerged from the data analysis: "The need for knowledge improvement training," "The need for psychological adaptation training," and "The need for sociocultural adaptation training." Conclusions: To adapt to the parental role, first-time parents should be equipped with the knowledge to turn the challenges of this period into an opportunity for growth. Moreover, they need to be supported by their family members, the healthcare team, and the government.

The quality of life of men experiencing infertility: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Men experiencing infertility encounter numerous problems at the individual, family, and social levels as well as quality of life (QOL). This study was designed to investigate the QOL of men experiencing infertility through a systematic review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This systematic review was conducted without any time limitation (Retrieval date: July 1, 2023) in international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search was performed by two reviewers separately using keywords such as QOL, infertility, and men. Studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles were evaluated based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In the initial search, 308 studies were reviewed, and after removing duplicates and checking the title and abstract, the full text of 87 studies were evaluated. RESULTS: Finally, 24 studies were included in the final review based on the research objectives. Based on the results, men's QOL scores in different studies varied from 55.15 ± 13.52 to 91.45 ± 13.66%. Of the total reviewed articles, the lowest and highest scores were related to mental health problems and physical dimensions, respectively. CONCLUSION: The reported findings vary across various studies conducted in different countries. Analysis of the factors affecting these differences is necessary, and it is recommended to design a standard tool for assessing the quality of life of infertile men. Given the importance of the QOL in men experiencing infertility, it is crucial to consider it in the health system. Moreover, a plan should be designed, implemented and evaluated according to each country's contex to improve the quality of life of infertile men.

The design of an Obstetric Telephone Triage Guideline (OTTG): a mixed method study.

BACKGROUND: Clarifying the dimensions and characteristics of obstetric telephone triage is important in improving the quality of services in the health system because researchers can evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, care and diagnostic measures in the form of obstetric telephone triage by developing a guideline. Therefore, this study aimed to design an Obstetric Telephone Triage Guideline (OTTG) using a mixed-method study. METHODS: The present study was carried out using an exploratory sequential mixed method study in two qualitative and quantitative phases. An inductive-deductive approach was also used to determine the concept of obstetric telephone triage. In this respect, a qualitative study and a literature review were used in the inductive and deductive stages, respectively. Moreover, the validity of the developed guideline was confirmed based on experts' opinions and results of the AGREE II tool. RESULTS: The guideline included the items for evaluating the severity of obstetric symptoms at five levels including "critical", "urgent", "less urgent", "no urgent", and "recommendations". The validity of the guideline was approved at 96%, 95%, 97%, 95%, 93%, and 100% for six dimensions of AGREE II including scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, the rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence, respectively. CONCLUSION: The OTTG is a clinically comprehensive, easy-to-use, practical, and valid tool. This guideline is a standardized tool for evaluating the severity of symptoms and determining the urgency for obstetrics triage services. By using this integrated and uniform guideline, personal biases can be avoided, leading to improved performance and ensuring that patients are not overlooked. Additionally, the use of OTTG promotes independent decision-making and reduces errors in triage decision-making.

Women's self-care for Coronavirus prevention and the related factors in Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Promoting self-care can be an effective way to decrease the rate of transmission and expansion of the infection. However, there seem to be different related factors to self-care by gender. This study aims to assess women's self-care for COVID-19 prevention and some related factors in Tehran-Iran in 2021. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was performed on 403 women living in Tehran in 2021. Subjects of the study were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data was collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire as well as a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess women's self-care for COVID-19 prevention (SCVP-38). The questionnaires were sent on the Google platform to the eligible participants. After completion of the forms, the created data in the Excel software in Google Drive were converted to SPSS 24 and then analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression tests. The overall mean score of self-care was 71.84±17.81 percent. The highest and lowest scores were respectively related to using masks in public vehicles and not touching the face. Significant negative correlations were shown between the women's self-care on Corona prevention with stress, anxiety, concerns, and fear (P<0.001). Linear multiple regression showed two factors including women's age (p = 0.033) and their number of children (p = 0.042) predict the self-care, so that, for increasing each year to women's age, SCVP increases by 0.463 units, and with increasing each child, SCVP decreases by 3.608 units. We concluded that in the COVID-19 pandemic, women in Tehran are performing more than 70% of measures of self-care. Also, education about self-care is recommended for younger women with more children. Moreover, promoting the self-care program can improve women's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The self-care situation analysis of reproductive-aged women in Tehran: a survey study.

BACKGROUND: Along with a global increase in the prevalence of infectious and non-communicable diseases, self-care with an emphasis on reproductive health Self-care has received special attention. Given the importance of women's health, assessment of their self-care status using a valid and reliable tool seems to be necessary to determine the needs for future women's reproductive health promotion interventions. The present study aimed to assess the women's self-care at reproductive age in Tehran, to determine women's health needs based on global guidelines for women's health. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 1051 women of reproductive age, living in Tehran. The Subjects were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. The women completed a socio-demographic and valid and reliable questionnaire to assess their self-care status. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and by Pearson, Spearman, ANOVA, and regression tests. RESULTS: The mean score of self-care was 49.57 ± 23.50% in the reproductive-aged women. The lowest scores were related to psychosocial health (32.12 ± 29.93%) and reproductive-sexual health (49.74 ± 27.99%) respectively. There were significant positive correlations between the self-care and women's education level (r = 0.180; p < 0.01), and husband's education level (r = 0.272; p < 0.01), while there was a negative significant correlation between the self-care and the family size (r = - 0.135; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The findings showed inadequate self-care among reproductive-aged women in Tehran. The most important challenge in their self-care behaviors was related to psychosocial and reproductive-sexual health. It seems to provide a package for promoting women's self-care in four areas of physical, psychosocial, reproductive-sexual health, and screening tests, with an emphasis on the first two priorities, namely psychosocial and reproductive health necessary in Tehran.

The framework for integrated, people-centered health services was introduced in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization, Interim report: placing people and communities at the Centre of health services: WHO global strategy on integrated peoplecentred health services 2016-2026: executive summary, 2015). A people-centered approach supports health literacy so that people can take responsibility for their health with evidence-based self-care interventions. When people have agency and autonomy, they can make and enact decisions in all aspects of their lives, including health (World Health Organization, WHO consolidated guideline on self-care interventions for health: sexual and reproductive health and rights: executive summary, 2019). The WHO defines self-care as "the ability of individuals, families, and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and to cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider". Self-care allows people to become agents of their health, leading to improved outcomes, especially in the area of sexual and reproductive health where stigma may prevent them from seeking care. Women and girls can identify their own health needs, and effectively manage their health conditions through self-care approaches. The WHO places great emphasis on promoting self-care, especially in women's reproductive-sexual health, and encourages countries to design and implement their programs. Given the diversity of women's self-care needs, this study designed women's self-care assessment tools in two reproductive age groups in 4 dimensions including physical, psychosocial, sexual-reproductive health, and screening tests, based on a review of the valid international guidelines. The results showed that women are practicing only half of self-care and the main challenges were in psychosocial health and sexual-reproductive-health self-care in Tehran. It seems that evidence-based planning is necessary to promote self-care among reproductive-aged women.

The strength of correlation between female genital self-image and sexual function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence indicates that female genital aesthetic complaints impact sexual relationships. AIM: The study sought to determine the strength of the correlation between genital self-image and sexual function. METHODS: Electronic databases were comprehensively searched including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 to December 2022. After duplicate removal, 146 articles were retrieved by searching keywords in titles and abstracts. OUTCOMES: A positive correlation is noted between genital self-image and sexual function; the strength of this correlation was 0.375. RESULTS: By omitting irrelevant articles according to the eligibility criteria, 16 articles remained for a total of 13 505 participants. All but 1 of them indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between genital self-image and sexual function. For a more accurate result, a meta-analysis was conducted noting a considerable heterogeneity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study may be used in counseling women with sexual dysfunction who are dissatisfied with their genital appearance. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This study is the first systematic review to reveal the strength of the correlation between genital self-image and sexual function. The most important limitation of this study is the heterogeneity of the studies reported. CONCLUSION: This systematic review indicates a positive correlation between genital self-image and sexual function. The results are restricted by inconsistency of the articles considered. Using different tools in different cultural contexts without considering confounding factors leads to a wide range of correlation sizes and significant heterogeneity is evident.

Development and validation of the code of ethics for midwives in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Considering ethical issues in midwifery care is essential for improving the quality of health services and the client's satisfaction. This study aimed to develop and validate the code of ethics for Midwives in Iran (ICEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a mixed sequential study that was performed in three phases including a qualitative study, a review, and the content validity assessment. The first phase was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The data were collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 14 midwifery and ethics experts. The purposive sampling method was used to recruit the participants and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis described by Graneheim and Lundman. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to confirm the trustworthiness of the data. Then, a narrative review of the selected national and international codes of ethics for Midwives was performed to complete the items of the ICEM. For validity assessment, the face and content validity of the items of ICEM was assessed by 15 experts to calculate the content validity ratio (CVR) and index (CVI). RESULTS: Fourteen experts were interviewed in the qualitative phase, and 207 codes were extracted from a content analysis which were categorized into 23 sub-categories and 6 main categories. The extracted codes were considered as the items for ICEM that were completed by a review of the selected national and international code of ethics for Midwives. The content validity and ratio assessment of the items demonstrated an average CVI = 0.92 and CVR = 0.85. Then, the final version of ICEM was developed with 92 items in 6 domains about; 1) "professional Commitments" with 30 items; 2) "providing midwifery services to the client and her companions" with 26 items; 3) "relationship with colleagues" with 11 items; 4) "herself" with 6 items; 5) "education and research" with 8 items; and, 6) "management" with 11 items. CONCLUSION: ICEM was prepared with 92 items in six sections that facilitate its use for midwives who are working in the different fields of care, counseling, education, research, and management. In this new version of the ICEM, the items related to recent social-, scientific, and technical improvements were considered for providing ethical midwifery care.

Effect of the Parenting Preparation Program on Maternal Role Competence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The maternal sense of competence refers to the mother's sense of ability to care for the baby. Maternal competence can affect the mother's parenting capacities. Maternal preparation programs are aimed to increase mothers' knowledge and improve their maternal competence. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of a maternal preparation program on maternal role competence. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted using the following MeSH terms: "education", "program", and "parenting sense of competence" in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Scopus, from inception till July 2022. All Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published in any language were extracted. Articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included articles was assessed by two qualified reviewers based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Of the 170 published works that were retrieved in the initial stage, five articles including 647 first-time mothers were analyzed. A meta-analysis showed that parenting preparation program interventions increased maternal role competence in first-time mothers as opposed to those who received routine care Mean Difference (MD) = 3.31, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [2.07, 4.55]. Conclusions: The results of this study encourage health policymakers to develop maternal preparation programs for first-time mothers and their children.

Interventions promoting mental health dimensions in infertile women: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Scientific developments have brought hope to infertile couples; however, the results are not always favorable. This makes women suffer psychological pressure. Therefore, previous studies have investigated the effectiveness of many psychological interventions but no research identified the most common psychological interventions. In this regard, the present review aimed to investigate different psychological interventions that promote mental health in infertile to identify the most frequent (common) ones. METHODS: In the present study, the search was carried out using appropriate keywords Infertility, psychological interventions, mental health, stress, anxiety, depression and women in the Google Scholar، Magiran، SID، Pubmed، Scopus، Science Direct، ProQuest، Web of Science databases and One of the leading websites in health- WHO with Persian and English languages and two operators of "AND" and "OR" between 2000 and 2021. RESULTS: First, 7319 articles were searched, 6948 articles of which were removed due to irrelevant subjects, and 31 articles were removed due to duplication. 340 abstracts were examined and the results of 60 articles were extracted. Two approaches (examining the type and content of intervention) were used to extract findings. The first approach indicated high diversity in psychological interventions, leading to the categorization of the interventions into 4 categories of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mind-body interventions (MBI), stress management skills, and others. CBT and MBI and stress management skills were found as the most frequent promoting interventions for mental health in infertile women. The second approach indicated the differences in protocols (number of sessions and time of interventions). CONCLUSION: Despite differences in protocol of interventions under study, the results of all articles revealed the effectiveness of interventions in improving infertile women's mental health; therefore, it is suggested to apply the most common psychological interventions based on scientific evidence (CBT, MBI, and stress management skills) along with infertility treatment methods. The results will help the specialists, policy-makers, and planners to select and implement the most appropriate psychological interventions for infertile women.

The Relationship between Air Pollution and Infant Mortality Rate.

Background: We aimed to investigate the relationship between air pollution and the Infant mortality rate (IMR) during nearly ten years in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort case using time series analysis. Air pollution monitoring data during the study period (2009-2018) were collected from the information of 23 Air Quality Control Centers in different areas of Tehran. For this purpose, the daily measures of PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, SO2, NO2 were obtained. Data on infant mortality was obtained from the National Statistics Office of Iran and mortality registered in Tehran's main cemetery during the study period. Distributed lag linear and non-linear models were used. Results: A total of 23,206 infant deaths were reported during the study period. Following an increase of 10 ug/m3 in PM10 in an early day of exposure, the risk of mortality increased significantly (RR=1.003, 95%CI:1.001-1.005). There is a pick on lag 5-10 that shows a very strong and immediate effect of cold temperature which means that cold temperatures increase the risk of mortality at an early time. At cold temperate, (var=0 and lag 0) risk of infant mortality was significantly higher than reference temperature (19°C) (RR=1.1295, %CI: 1.01-1.25). Conclusion: The results show the adverse effects of PM10 exposure on infant mortality in Tehran, Iran. Accordingly, a steady decline in PM10 levels in Tehran may have greater benefits in reducing the Infant mortality rate.

Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by using a Specific GDMQ-36 Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has physical, social, mental, and psychological consequences that can affect mothers' Quality of Life (QOL). This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the QOL of mothers with GDM and its associated factors using a specific questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 mothers with GDM who were referred to clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University and Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2019-2020. The specific QOL questionnaire for women with GDM (GDMQ-36) and the demographic questionnaire were completed for participants. Independent variables were entered into the multiple linear regression model and were analyzed. Results: The total Mean(SD) score of the QOL of mothers with GDM who participated in the study was 46.83 (11.66) based on percentage. The highest and lowest QOL Mean (SD) scores were obtained on the support 76.50 (14.50) and concerns about a high-risk pregnancy 31.40 (19.80), subscales, respectively. The total QOL score decreased by 7.14 and 5 points on average in mothers treated with medication regimens and mothers who had a pre-high school education, respectively. The support subscale score increased by 5 points in mothers who had a previous history of GDM. Conclusions: The present study showed that the QOL of women with GDM had been severely affected by concerns about a high-risk pregnancy. Some individual and social factors can be associated with the QOL of mothers with GDM and its subscales.

The Effect of Female Genital Cosmetic and Reconstructive Procedures on Body and Genital Self-Image: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Performance of female genital cosmetic and reconstructive procedures (FGCRP) has been increasing over past decades. Appearance and functional concerns are the most common reasons for seeking FGCRP. Poor body and genital self-image may contribute to the increase in demand for surgery. The aim of this systematic review is to explore outcomes of FGCRP in the domains of body and genital self-image. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify articles that measured body and genital self-image in females after FGCRP. The authors identified 5 articles for a systematic review of body image and 8 studies for a systematic review of genital self-image. The most common procedure performed was labia minora labiaplasty. Instruments for body image evaluation were the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. Genital image was assessed with the Female Genital Self-Image Scale and Genital Appearance Satisfaction (GAS) scale. Most of the studies indicated that FGCRP can improve both body image and genital self-image; meta-analysis revealed that FGCRP improved GAS scores by 17.96 (range: 0-33; P < .001). It appears that FGCRP leads to improvements in females' body and genital self-image. Inconsistencies in study design and measures, however, limit this conclusion. Future research should involve more rigorous study designs (for example randomized clinical trials with large sample sizes) for a more accurate assessment of FGCRP's consequences.

Explaining sexual self-care status and its predictor factors in women referring to healthcare centers of Sari, Iran, 2021.

INTRODUCTION: With the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and chronic health problems along with population growth, one of the definitions that is expanding is the ability to adapt and self-manage against diseases and self-care. Although there are several studies to examine self-care in medical conditions, there are not enough concepts and data related to sexual self-care. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the status of sexual self-care and its predictor factors in women of reproductive age referring to healthcare centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 400 women of reproductive age that referring to healthcare centers affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari in 2021. Data were collected using personal-obstetric characteristics and sexual self-care questionnaires in women of reproductive age. Pearson correlation coefficients, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression model were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The average total score of sexual self-care in reproductive age women participating in the research was 70.66% ± 12.52%. In addition, the prevention of women's cancers and the prevention of unintended pregnancies obtained the lowest and highest scores, respectively. Factors such as age, education, education related to medical sciences, history of HIV testing, history of HPV vaccination, source of sexual information, method of contraception and infection-related action in a person can affect the level of sexual self-care in women. Based on the final regression model, education related to medical sciences (B = 5.46, P = 0.035), family income (B = 5.58, P = 0.025), prevention method (B = 10.127, P = 0.000) and action related to infection in the person (B = 12.27, P = 0.047) were the final predictors of sexual self-care score in reproductive age women. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of the study, development of self-care promotion programs for reproductive aged women are necessary in all areas of reproductive health, with a priority for women's cancer prevention, and focusing on promoting education and related economic assistance. The results of this study can be available to experts and policy makers to design programs to promote sexual self-care in women.

Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in mothers with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pregnant women are one of the endangered groups who need special attention in the COVID-19 epidemic. We conducted a systematic review and summarised the studies that reported adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus up to 1 September 2022, for retrieving original articles published in the English language assessing the association between COVID-19 infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Finally, in this review study, of 1790 articles obtained in the initial search, 141 eligible studies including 1,843,278 pregnant women were reviewed. We also performed a meta-analysis of a total of 74 cohort and case-control studies. In this meta-analysis, both fixed and random effect models were used. Publication bias was also assessed by Egger's test and the trim and fill method was conducted in case of a significant result, to adjust the bias. The result of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of preterm delivery, maternal mortality, NICU admission and neonatal death in the group with COVID-19 infection was significantly more than those without COVID-19 infection (p<.01). A meta-regression was conducted using the income level of countries. COVID-19 infection during pregnancy may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes including of preterm delivery, maternal mortality, NICU admission and neonatal death. Pregnancy loss and SARS-CoV2 positive neonates in Lower middle income are higher than in High income. Vertical transmission from mother to foetus may occur, but its immediate and long-term effects on the newborn are unclear.

A situation analysis on postmenopausal women's self-care needs and priorities in Tehran: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Women need special care during and after menopause. Due to the emphasis of the World Health Organization on promoting self-care in postmenopausal women, this study aims to analyze the situation and prioritize the self-care needs of postmenopausal women in the Tehran-Iran. METHODS: This was a descriptive-analytical study on 486 postmenopausal women aged 46-85 years living in Tehran in 2021. The Subjects were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using a socio-demographic and a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess postmenopausal women's self-care status with four domains including physical health, psychosocial health, reproductive-sexual health, and screening tests. The data were analyzed by SPSS-24. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 62.58 ± 7.75 years. The mean score of self-care was 44.63 ± 21.64% in the postmenopausal women. The lowest score and highest scores were related to psychosocial health (25.12 ± 28.21%) and periodic tests (50.62 ± 24.40%) respectively. There were significant positive correlations between self-care with women's education level (r = 0.277; p < 0.001), husband's education level (r = 0.258; p < 0.001), as well as monthly income (r = 0.153; p = 0.001). There was a negative correlation between self-care with the number of children (r = - 0.215; p < 0.001). The level of self-care was higher in employed women (p = 0.001) and also, in women whose husbands were employed (p = 0.012). Multiple linear regression test showed the level of education of the husband (B = 2.72, p = 0.038) and the family size (B = -1.54, p = 0.023) are predictors of the self-care of postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: The findings showed more than 55% of challenges in the self-care behaviors of postmenopausal women in Tehran. The most and least challenging self-care behaviors were related to psychosocial health and performing periodic tests. The priorities were in psychosocial health and reproductive-sexual health dimensions. Self-care promotion is necessary, especially in postmenopausal women, who need special care due to various physical, psychological, and social changes.

Investigating different dimensions of infertile women's quality of life: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Infertility is a major challenge in the life of women which affects their quality of life. Infertile women's quality of life is a relatively new field of research that has recently been considered by health researchers. However, there has been no standard tool for measuring different aspects of infertile women's quality of life with female factors, and general and specific tools of infertile couples have been used to assess their quality of life. This study, thus, aimed to analyze different aspects of the quality of life of infertile women. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 infertile women referred to a teaching hospital affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and private infertility treatment centers in Sari, Iran. Demographic and fertility characteristics and the quality of life questionnaire for infertile women questionnaire (a 25-item tool was designed which measured 7 factors of psychological effects, sexual life with infertility family and social effects, infertility-related concerns, physical effects, adaptive approaches and factors preventing infertility adaptation), were recruited for data gathering. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard deviation), correlation coefficient, independent sample t-test, and multiple linear regression were used. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The total mean score of infertile women's quality of life was 65.68 ± 8.91%. Findings were indicative of infertile women's quality of life in the dimensions of adaptive approach (70.48 ± 15.02%), psychological (67.88 ± 12.06%), family and social (64.63 ± 10.76%), physical, 63.42 ± 11.36%), inhibitory factors/ factors preventing adaptation (60.98 ± 8.24%), related concerns (51.52 ± 10.21%) and sexual life (40.12 ± 14.28%). According to the final multiple linear regression model, women's education (B = 2.57, p < 0.001), spouse's education (B = 1.56, p = 0.046), economic status (B = 1.64, p < 0.001), age of women (B = -0.62, p < 0.001), age of spouse (B = -0.65, p < 0.001), duration of infertility (B = -0.36, p = 0.024) and duration of marriage (B = -0.39, p = 0.022) were the final predictors of the quality of life score in infertile women of the study. CONCLUSION: Given that infertility causes extensive changes in individuals, families, and social dimensions of infertile women, it can affect their quality of life. We can take steps to improve the health of infertile women by promoting various dimensions of their quality of life.

The relationship between body image and quality of life in postmenopausal women: A correlational cross-sectional study.

The relationship between body image (BI) and quality of life (QoL) among postmenopausal women was assessed in this study. This correlational cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 postmenopausal women in Tehran-Iran. The participants were selected using a multistage sampling method. Data was collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, the Fisher's body image questionnaire, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Total score and score of all domains of QoL had a significant positive correlation with total score and score of all dimensions of BI and BI was a predictor of QoL (p < 0.001). Therefore, women health policies should concentrate on BI improvement for promoting QoL during menopause.

Development and Psychometric Properties of Pregnant Women's Decision-making Questionnaire for Choosing a Prenatal Care Provider (CPCP-60): A Research From Southwest of Iran.

Background: The selection of a competent prenatal care provider for women is of a major concern. The purpose of this research was to design a questionnaire for pregnant women's decision-making regarding choosing a prenatal care provider and to assess its psychometric properties. Methods: This study used an exploratory mixed method. In the qualitative phase, a semi-structured individual interview was done with 33 participants in Shiraz, Iran. Based on the outcomes of the previous step and the literature study, the items of the questionnaire were designed in the quantitative phase. Then, the Cosmin criteria were developed to consider the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. In order to examine the validity of the CPCP-60 questionnaire, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. Reliability was assessed by the Cronbach alpha coefficient test and retest. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 21. Results: The CPCP-60 questionnaire included 60 items. After the exploratory factor analysis, 4 factors were extracted that expressed 60.52% of the total variance: professional and communication skills, personal traits of prenatal care providers, and characteristics of pregnancy and childbirth centers. The content validity index and the content validity ratio were 0.90 and 0.76, respectively. A Cronbach alpha of 0.941 and a test-retest of 0.951 demonstrated excellent reliability for the CPCP-60 questionnaire. The responsiveness and the interpretability were acceptable. The minimal detectable change (MDC) of the questionnaire (9.70) was less than the minimal important change (MIC) (12.91). Conclusion: Considering the reliability and validity of the CPCP-60 questionnaire, and its compatibility to the culture of the Iranian society, it can be used in clinical research to evaluate the decision-making of pregnant women on choosing a competent prenatal care provider in Iran.

How Do Iranian Men Perceive Their Sexual and Reproductive Health Situation? A Qualitative Content Analysis.

Background: Males' viewpoint about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and their situation are essential components of men's and women's health in the community. Men have been overlooked in reproduction health, especially with reproductive issues such as contraception, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility, and sexual function. This study aimed to investigate the males' perceptions of their SRH situation in Iran. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted from May 2016 to April 2017 on data retrieved through semi-structured interviews with 19 adult males aged 18 to 59 years. The participants were purposefully recruited from among populations of health centers in Alborz province, Iran. Conventional content analysis in OneNote software version 2016 was used for data analysis. Results: Three main themes and nine categories emerged including 1) Perceived SRH needs, including "need to increase men's awareness about SRH", "need to have an accessibility to SRH services", and "need to have a high-quality sexual relationship"; 2) perceived SRH responsibilities, including "health-seeking behaviors", "sexual skills", "childbearing responsibilities", and "ethical commitment", and 3) Men' perception of trends of social and cultural norms, including "changing SRH priorities" and "changing marital prototype". Conclusion: In this study, men perceived SRH as an important issue due to the changes in social and cultural trends, and many of their SRH needs have not yet been addressed. Hence, along with socio-economic changes, the policymakers of the health system should develop strategies and interventions to meet these needs.