Visual Interactive Map Matching.

Map matching is the process of assigning observed geographic positions of vehicles and their trajectories to the actual road links in a road network. In this paper, we present Visual Interactive Map Matching, a visual analytics approach to fine-tune the data preprocessing and matching process. It is based on ST-matching, a state-of-the-art and easy-to-understand map matching algorithm. Parameters of the preprocessing step and algorithm can be optimized with immediate visual feedback. Visualizations show current matching issues and performance metrics on a map and in diagrams. Manual and computer-supported editing of the road network model leads to a refined alignment of trajectories and roads. We demonstrate our approach with large-scale taxi trajectory data. We show that optimizing the matching on a subsample results in considerably improved matching quality, also when later scaled to the full dataset. An optimized matching ensures data faithfulness and prevents misinterpretation when the matched data might be investigated in follow-up analysis.

European activities in radiation protection in medicine.

The recently published Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom ('new European Basic Safety Standards', EU BSS) modernises and consolidates the European radiation protection legislation by taking into account the latest scientific knowledge, technological progress and experience with implementing the current legislation and by merging five existing Directives into a single piece of legislation. The new European BSS repeal previous European legislation on which the national systems for radiation protection in medicine of the 28 European Union (EU) Member States are based, including the 96/29/Euratom 'BSS' and the 97/43/Euratom 'Medical Exposure' Directives. While most of the elements of the previous legislation have been kept, there are several legal changes that will have important influence over the regulation and practice in the field all over Europe-these include, among others: (i) strengthening the implementation of the justification principle and expanding it to medically exposed asymptomatic individuals, (ii) more attention to interventional radiology, (iii) new requirements for dose recording and reporting, (iv) increased role of the medical physics expert in imaging, (v) new set of requirements for preventing and following up on accidents and (vi) new set of requirements for procedures where radiological equipment is used on people for non-medical purposes (non-medical imaging exposure). The EU Member States have to enforce the new EU BSS before January 2018 and bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with it. The European Commission has certain legal obligations and powers to verify the compliance of the national measures with the EU laws and, wherever necessary, issue recommendations to, or open infringement cases against, national governments. In order to ensure timely and coordinated implementation of the new European legal requirements for radiation protection, the Commission is launching several actions including promotion and dissemination activities, exchange and discussion fora and provision of guidance. These actions will be based on previous experiences and will rely on the results of recent and ongoing EU-funded projects. Important stakeholders including the Euratom Article 31 Group, the association of the Heads of European Radiological protection Competent Authorities (HERCA) and different European professional and specialty organisations will be involved.

Imaging referral guidelines in Europe: now and in the future-EC Referral Guidelines Workshop Proceedings.

UNLABELLED: As an integral part of the European Commission (EC) Imaging Referral Guidelines Project a 1.5-day workshop was held in Vienna on 20-21 September, 2012. At this workshop, models and good practices regarding the appropriateness and use of imaging referral guidelines (Guidelines) in Europe and worldwide were presented, together with the results of a survey of Guidelines in Europe. The latter included ideas, innovations and wishes for future Community action. MAIN MESSAGES: Recommendations for future Community action: Stronger measures should be taken by the EC and the European competent authorities for making Guidelines available and used in all EU member states. Evidence-based Guidelines with separate guidance for children should be issued or endorsed by a trusted European organisation. Educational initiatives and electronic requesting in connection with clinical decision support (CDS) systems should be used to improve the implementation of Guidelines. Monitoring of Guidelines implementation and use should be by clinical audit, particularly external audit, but also by local/internal audit.

European survey on imaging referral guidelines.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to devise and implement a Europe-wide study on referral guidelines for radiological imaging in the EU Member States in order to identify potential major issues, important differences between Member States and good practices. A web-based survey was used to assess the availability of imaging referral guidelines, development methodology and preferences for future initiatives for European community action to facilitate justification and appropriate use of radiological diagnostic procedures. A questionnaire was distributed to representatives of national radiological and nuclear medicine societies as well as to competent authorities for radiation protection in 30 European countries, including all 28 EU Member States. Responses were collated and analysed to produce a series of conclusions and recommendations. MAIN MESSAGES: • Survey respondents in 21/30 countries were aware of legal requirements for Guidelines • Survey respondents in 18/30 countries were aware of the availability of Guidelines in their country. • The majority of responders support the development of European Guidelines. These may either be from a combination of multiple national Guidelines with consensus or Pan-European Guidelines developed centrally. • Guidelines developed in two countries included all of the following important features: radiation dose information; specific advice for imaging children; specific advice for the pregnant woman/unborn child; an evidence-based process; a formal consensus for recommendations. • Suggestions for additional measures needed to reinforce the use of Guidelines include: educational initiatives; integrating Guidelines into clinical decision support systems; clinical audit for monitoring of the availability, use and implementation of Guidelines.

Criteria for acceptability of medical radiological equipment in Euratom legislation.

The treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community ('Euratom Treaty') is binding primary law for 27 member states of the European Union (EU) with about 500 million inhabitants. Council Directive 96/29/Euratom is a secondary EU law establishing the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) for protection of the health of workers and the general public. The BSS Directive is supplemented by other binding instruments, medical exposure being regulated under Council Directive 97/43/Euratom ('Medical Exposures Directive', MED). MED, Article 8 (3), stipulates that the EU member states shall adopt criteria of acceptability for medical radiological equipment in order to indicate when action is necessary, including taking the equipment out of service. A few years ago, the European Commission ('the Commission', EC) started a revision of the Euratom BSS encompassing, among others, a codification of similar legal acts including MED. The draft legal proposal contains a number of changes on medical exposure and, while no amendments have been made on the criteria for acceptability, some of them (e.g. those concerning the requirements for equipment in use and the involvement of the medical physics expert) may have a direct influence in this area. The Commission submitted the revised Directive to the Council of the European Union in September 2011; the adoption depends on the procedures in the Council. In order to facilitate the implementation of MED, Article 8 (3), in 1997 the Commission published 'Radiation Protection 91: Criteria for acceptability of radiological (including radiotherapy) and nuclear medicine installations'; an update of RP 91 was launched in 2007 and planned for publication in early 2012 (as RP 162).