Nicotine leads to improvements in behavioral impairment and an increase in the nicotine acetylcholine receptor in transgenic mice.

Nicotine is the principal psychoactive ingredient in cigarette smoke, and has been associated with health problems in humans. However, the pure form of nicotine may prove to be a valuable pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of AD. However, the beneficial effects of nicotine remain a matter of much controversy. In order to clarify this issue, 12-month-old transgenic mice, expressing neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-controlled APPsw, were treated with low, middle, and high doses of nicotine for 6 months. Herein, we have concluded that the nicotine-treated groups evidenced improvements in behavior and increases in the nicotine acetylcholine receptor, nAchRalpha7. These findings provide experimental evidence that nicotine effects an improvement in impaired memory, and that this improvement is associated with an increase in nAchRalpha7. Thus, nicotine may prove a good preventative or therapeutic modality for AD patients.

PEN-2 overexpression induces gamma-secretase protein and its activity with amyloid beta-42 production.

PEN-2 is a component of the gamma-secretase complex, which is involved in the cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which PEN-2 overexpression regulates gamma-secretase expression and the production of Abeta-42. In order to determine this, a hybrid gene harboring human PEN-2 was constructed, and used in the transfection of SK-N-MC human neuroepitheliomal cells. This cell line was also co-transfected with a combination of human mutant presenilin 2 (hPS2m) and APPsw. Our results indicated that (i) human PEN-2 overexpression induced an increase in gamma-secretase activity and its proteins, including PS1-CTF, APH-1, and nicastrin, thus production of Abeta-42, (ii) co-transfection of human PEN-2 with both hPS2m and APPsw exerted no more profound effects on the induction of gamma-secretase proteins and its activity than did transfection with hPEN-2 alone. Thus, PEN-2 overexpression may facilitate assembly into the more active gamma-secretase complex, and may also induce an increase in activity, thus affecting Abeta-42 production.

Differential effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on human and mouse CYP1B1 from livers of castrated transgenic mice.

Humanized transgenic mice coexpressing tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) and human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) (hCYP1B1) have been created by this group. The aims of this study was to determine if 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) functions as testosterone or doxycycline in its ability to induce or reduce expression of hCYP1B1 or endogenous mouse CYP1B1 (mCYP1B1). This was tested in the livers by treating castrated transgenic males and hCYP1B1/luciferase-transfected cells with DMBA. Herein, DMBA-treated group exhibited (i) gradual reduction of hCYP1B1 expression at the transcript, protein, and activity levels but gradually induced its transcript level during DMBA release; (ii) gradual reduction of hCYP1B1 at the transcript and protein levels, as in the case of doxycycline or testosterone; (iii) gradual induction of mCYP1B1 expression at the transcript and protein levels but gradually reduced its transcript level during DMBA release. In parallel, DMBA-treated transfected cells exhibited gradual increase in luciferase activity in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Thus, castrated transgenic males or in vitro system could be useful as models for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or environmental toxicants by measuring either hCYP1B1 or mCYP1B1 expressions.

Analysis of differentially expressed genes in early- and late-stage APPsw-transgenic and normal mice using cDNA microarray.

The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made it difficult to examine its underlying mechanism. A gene microarray offers a solution to the complexity through a parallel analysis of most of the genes expressed in the brains from AD-transgenic mice. In our previous study, a total of 52 differentially expressed genes were identified in 18-month-old APPsw-transgenic mice compared to age-matched normal mice. We extended our work to better understand the relevant gene profiles from both early- and late-stage transgenic and normal mice. To accomplish this, cDNA microarray was used with the large-scale screening of the brain mRNA from transgenic and normal mice of 1 and 18 months of age. We identified a total of 48 genes, 6 up-regulated and 42 down-regulated, differentially expressed with a significant degree of induction and reduction in the brains from moderate 18-month-old transgenic mice compared to 1-month-old transgenic mice. In parallel, a total of 40 differentially expressed genes, 6 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated, were also found in the brains from moderate 18-month-old normal mice compared to 1-month-old normal mice. Thus, differentially expressed genes upon APPsw overexpression and the aging process are useful targets through which investigators can choose genes of particular interest. In the future, it will be necessary to study the function of differentially expressed genes, which are targets for developing drugs, using pharmacoproteomics.

Oligonucleotide-based analysis of differentially expressed genes in hippocampus of transgenic mice expressing NSE-controlled APPsw.

The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made it difficult to examine its underlying mechanisms. A gene microarray offers a solution to the complexity through parallel analysis of most of the genes expressed in the hippocampal tissues from AD-transgenic and age-matched control littermates. This study examined the potential effect of APPsw over-expression on the modulation of genes for AD. To accomplish this, an oligonucleotide array was used with the large-scale screening of the hippocampus mRNA from 12-month-old APPsw-transgenic and control mice. There was a total of 116 differentially expressed genes, 59 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated, in the hippocampal region of the transgenic mice compared with the control mice. Initially, two of each of the down-regulated (Xlr3b and Mup3) and up-regulated genes (Serpina9 and Ccr6) were chosen for further investigation if the magnitude of change in these genes on the oligonucleotide array would correspond to those in the RT-PCR analysis from APPsw-transgenic mice. We also found that the changes in the differentially expressed genes are reliable. Thus, these genes might associate with AD neuropathology in neurodegenerative process of AD, although relevance of long lists altered genes should be evaluated in a future study.