Denture Stomatitis and Candida albicans in the Indian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Denture stomatitis (DS), a common oral condition among denture wearers, is frequently associated with Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonization. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of DS prevalence and its relationship with C. albicans in the Indian population. We conducted a thorough search of multiple databases for studies without any limitation to the publication timeframe, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and included in the meta-analysis. Data regarding DS prevalence, risk factors, and C. albicans colonization were extracted and analyzed. A total of four studies comprising 415 participants were included in the review. The overall odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) for the prevalence of C. albicans in DS patients were 0.75 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.99) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.00), respectively, indicating a statistically significant association between DS and C. albicans colonization. Several risk factors, including continuous denture wearing, advanced denture age, poor denture hygiene, and high sugar intake, were identified as contributing to DS development. This systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the substantial burden of DS and its association with C. albicans colonization in the Indian population. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive oral care, improved denture hygiene, dietary counseling, and interventions to enhance salivary flow in denture wearers to mitigate the risk of DS. These insights can inform healthcare providers and policymakers to develop targeted strategies for DS prevention and management in India. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the significance of oral health awareness and preventive strategies in groups with a high frequency of denture usage in a larger population.

Assessment of Dimensional Changes in Periodontium with Immediate Replacement of Tooth by Socket-shield Technique.

Background: The reduction of alveolar bone volume following tooth extraction may interfere with the placement of implants. The present study was conducted to assess dimensional changes in periodontium with immediate replacement of tooth by socket-shield technique. Materials and Methods: Twenty fractured central incisors were enrolled, and periodontal ligament (PDL)-mediated root preservation technique was planned with simultaneous implant placement. Results: Out of 20 patients, males were 11 and females were 9. Preoperatively, buccolingual alveolar bone width was 8.1 mm and postoperatively, 9.0 mm. There was 2.1 mm bone loss preoperatively and 2.2 mm postoperatively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PDL-mediated root preservation technique with simultaneous implant placement is effective.

Myofibroblasts as important diagnostic and prognostic indicators of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study using alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, with multifactorial etiopathogenesis. Data from the past literature suggest that myofibroblasts (MFs) can also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of the disease. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the expression of MF in well-differentiated OSCC (WDOSCC), moderately differentiated OSCC (MDOSCC), poorly differentiated OSCC (PDOSCC) and healthy controls by immunohistochemistry using alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody. Methodology: Forty cases each of WDOSCC, MDOSCC, PDOSCC and healthy controls were included. 4-µm thick sections from each tissue sample were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemically using α-SMA. Among different grades of OSCC, expression of MFs was compared. All the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: While comparing the expression of MFs in between different grades of OSCC, nonsignificant results were obtained. While comparing the expression of MF in between OSCC cases and normal controls, significant results were obtained. Conclusion: MFs are one of the vital pathogenetic components in OSCC cases in predicting their invasive behaviors. We advocate the use of MFs as a stromal marker for visualizing invasion and progression in OSCC patients.

Expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatic vessels in both tumoral and peritumoral areas and correlation with metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

AIM: This study aims to study the expression of podoplanin in tumor cells as well as the lymphatic vessels (LVs) in both tumoral and peritumoral areas and correlate the importance of the lymphatic microvascular density (LMVD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its metastatic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: D2-40 expression and LV density (LVD) were assessed using antibody D240, in 45 diagnosed cases of all the three grades of OSCC. D2-40 expression was evaluated in both epithelial cells as well as the LVs. RESULTS: D2-40 expression in OSCC showed two different patterns - diffuse and focal. LMVD was calculated and difference in peritumoral and intra tumoral LVs was also assessed. A marked increase was seen we progressed from well-differentiated tumor to poorly differentiated ones, but this difference was found to be statistically nonsignificant. D2-40 immunostaining also highlighted the presence of lymphatic invasion present within the tumors which was detected by the presence of tumor emboli within the LVs. Overall, no significant correlation was found between D240 epithelial positivity and LVD. CONCLUSION: The expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatics when correlated with histopathological status and clinically with the lymph node status can definitely help in the adjuvant therapies used in OSCC.

A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Biopsies of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions.

BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations of these lesions comprises pain, paresthesia, swelling, drainage, tooth loss, root resorption, and facial deformity. Alteration in oral and maxillofacial (OMF) tissues of the lesions may cause esthetically and functionally unfavourable effects in patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient's records of histopathological reports from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology were obtained and reviewed over a period of 2 years, and therefore, the lesions were classified into four groups. In cases of recurrent lesions, only the primary diagnosis was considered. The research protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the institution. RESULTS: About 56.4% of males had ameloblastoma, 54.9% of females had cementoma. 59.4% females had giant cell granuloma, 87.5% females had pyogenic granuloma, 77.2% females had osteoma, 65.1% of the female population were belongs to the benign fibro-osseous lesions and 50.2% of females were from fibrous dysplasia in group 3. About 58.8% females had squamous cell carcinoma in group 4. CONCLUSION: To adequately determine the prevalence and incidence rate of OMF lesions, biopsies performed by other specialists such as otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons in OMF regions should also be evaluated.

Determination of Role of Type 16 Human Papillomavirus and Risk Factors in Assessing Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival.

BACKGROUND: It is ascertained that the survival rate of patients infected with type 16 human papillomavirus (HPV16) positive is better as compared to those infected with HPV16 negative. The present study was conducted to determine rgw role of HPV16 and risk factors in assessing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) death. METHODOLOGY: A total of 102 clinically and histologically proven cases of oral pharyngeal cancer were included. Seropositivity for HPV16 E6 as a marker of HPV16-positive cancer was estimated. RESULTS: Out of 102 patients, there were 70 males and 32 females. Significant risk factors associated with OPC survival overall in the univariate analysis was female sex (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence level [CL]: 0.36-80), alcohol use >2 drinks/day (HR 1.54, 95% CL: 1.12-2.08), smoking >10 pack-years (HR 2.20, 95% CL: 1.42-3.58), moderate dental (HR 1.54, 95% CL: 1.02-2.32), underweight (HR 2.24, 95% CL: 1.34-3.60), and Stage IV cancer (HR 2.82, 95% CL: 1.76-4.40). There was significant low risk for death among HPV16 positive (HR 0.48, 95% CL: 0.32-0.70). CONCLUSION: HPV16 status is an independent prognostic factor for OPC deaths. The common risk factors were female gender, moderate oral care, underweight body mass index, excessive alcohol, and smoking tobacco.

Cleft of lip and palate: A review.

Cleft of lip and palate are most common serial congenital anomalies to affect the orofacial region . It can occur isolated or together in various combination and/or along with other congenital deformities particularly congenital heart diseases. .Patient with oro-facial cleft deformity needs to be treated at right time and at right age to achieve functional and esthetic well being. Successful management of the child born with a cleft lip and palate requires coordinated care provided by a number of different specialties including oral/maxillofacial surgery, otolaryngology, genetics/dysmorphology, speech/language pathology, orthodontics, prosthodontics, and other. This article aims to the review the point primary care physicians in literature knowledge about cleft lip and palate. A review of literature have made to discuss introduction, epidemiology, clinical feature, etiology factor and management of cleft lip and palate.

Efficiency of Ultrasonography in Swellings of Orofacial Region.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasonography (USG) is found to be important in identifying various soft-tissue pathologies in the orofacial region. Therefore, its features should be studied and documented in these lesions so that a more appropriate provisional diagnosis can be made. AIM: This study aims to study ultrasonographic features in various kinds of swellings in the orofacial region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study grouped consists of 30 patients of both sexes (20 males and 10 females) with an age range of 15-70 years complaining of swellings in the orofacial region. All the patients in the study were explained the need of tests and subjected to clinical, ultrasonographic, and histopathologic examination. Sonosite Micromaxx sonography machine was used with a linear array transducer of 13-6 MHz frequencies. Ultrasonographic diagnosis is then correlated with clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Chi-square test and contingency coefficient tests were used. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between clinical and ultrasonographic diagnoses (contingency = 0.872, P < 0.05) and between ultrasonographic and histopathologic diagnoses (contingency = 0.904, P < 0.05). There was 100% congruency between clinical diagnosis and ultrasonographic diagnosis in all the cases except in cases of cysts, abscess, and sialadenitis. Reliability of USG was found to be 97% in diagnosing all the cases with respect to histopathological diagnosis, while it was 90% with respect to clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: USG was found to be a reliable diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of orofacial swellings.

A Clinical Study on Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Carbamazepine and Combination of Carbamazepine with Baclofen or Capsaicin in the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by recurrent attacks of lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. Various medicinal and surgical procedures have been utilized for the treatment of TN. Over the time, several drugs other than carbamazepine have been used but none of them have shown satisfying results. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of carbamazepine and combination of carbamazepine with baclofen or capsaicin in the management of TN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 patients diagnosed with TN were randomly divided into three groups. The patients were prescribed carbamazepine in Group 1, carbamazepine and baclofen in Group 2, and carbamazepine and capsaicin in Group 3. All the patients were followed on the 7th day, 15th day, and 1-month period to evaluate the response to the drugs. Data were subjected to statistics. RESULTS: The results are composed of a total of 45 patients (15 in each group). The mean visual analogue scale scores were calculated for each group at day 0, 7th day, 15th day, and 30 days, and it was found that there was statistically significant reduction of pain (P < 0.001) in all the three groups at different intervals. At day 7, comparative percentage reduction of pain in both groups was not statistically significant. At 15-days and 30 days, percentage change in pain reduction in Group 1 was 42.3% and 48.0% respectively and in Group 2 it was found to be 60.3% and 83.4%, respectively. The reduction in pain percentage was found to be statistically significant. Similarly, Group 1 was compared to Group 3, significant reduction of pain was found for carbamazepine-capsaicin combination at 30-day interval but the comparative reduction of pain at 7th day and 15th day was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Carbamazepine in combination with baclofen is more efficient and effective in reducing pain in TN patients, followed by carbamazepine-capsaicin combination compared to carbamazepine alone.

Prophylactic Use of Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol in Patients Undergoing Dental Extractions Following Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer.

BACKGROUND: In head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw is one of the major but uncommon complications. Satisfactorily results have been observed while treating ORN patients with upcoming treatment modalities such as combination therapy of pentoxifylline and Vitamin E (PVe). It is believed that in patients undergoing dental extractions, these treatment modalities can be used prophylactically for lowering the risk of development of ORN. Hence, keeping all these things in mind, we planned the present study to assess the prophylactic role of pentoxifylline and tocopherol in patients who require dental extractions after radiotherapy for cancer of head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 110 patients were included in this retrospective study, which had radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck. After radiotherapy, a total of 450 dental extractions were done in these 110 patients. RESULTS: External beam therapy was given in 92.72% of the patients. 7.27% and 40% of the patients received intensity modulated radiotherapy combination of chemotherapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy, respectively. ORN developed only in 2 patients. Patients had taken PVe for a mean of 12 (24) weeks preoperatively and 14 (18) weeks postoperatively. The incidence was lower than that normally associated with dental extractions in irradiated patients. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing dental extractions, after receiving radiotherapy of head and neck region, combination therapy of pentoxifylline and tocopherol are sufficiently effective.

Systemic Assessment of Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgeries: A Trans- and Post-operative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Procedure-related and patient-related factors influence the prognosis of dental implants to a major extent. Hence, we aimed to evaluate and analyze various systemic factors in patients receiving dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients were included in the study, in which a total of 110 dental implants were placed. Complete examination of the subjects was done before and after placement of dental implants. Implant surgery was planned, and osseointegrated dental implants were placed in the subjects. Postoperative evaluation of the dental implant patients was done after 3 weeks. Anxiety levels were determined using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire on the surgery day and after 1 week of surgery. The participant describes how they feel at the moment by responding to twenty items as follows: (1) absolutely not, (2) slightly, (3) somewhat, or (4) very much. All the results were recorded and statistical analyzed by SPSS software. RESULTS: Out of 51, 29 patients were males while 22 were females, with ratio of 1.32:1. Female patients' mean age was 50.18 years while male patients' mean age was 52.71 years, with statistically nonsignificant difference between them. Functional rehabilitation was the main purpose of choosing dental implants in more than 90% of the subjects. Diameter of 3.75 mm was the shortest implants to be placed in the present study, whereas in terms of length, 8.5 mm was the shortest length of dental implant used in the present study. Tooth area in which maximum implants were placed in our study was 36 tooth region. Maximum implants were placed in Type II bone quality (n = 38). Implants installed in the mandible were clamped more efficiently than implants placed in the maxilla (P < 0.001). The difference of average STAI-State subscore before and after the surgery was statistically significant (P < 0.05; significant). CONCLUSION: Mandibular dental implants show more clamping (torque) than maxillary dental implants.

Assessment of the Survival of Dental Implants in Irradiated Jaws Following Treatment of Oral Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing head and neck surgery for various pathologic conditions, implants are one of the best restorative options and are increasing widely used. Therefore, we evaluated the success of dental implants in the irradiated jaws of patients following treatment of oral cancer oral cancer treated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of oral cancer treated patients was collected retrospectively from 2002 to 2008. We took 46 oral cancer treated patients in which implants were placed in irradiated jaws for rehabilitation. RESULTS: It was found that out of 162 dental implants placed, 52 failed. Furthermore, there was no variation in the implant survival rate in between both the jaws. Radiation dose of <50 Gy units also showed significantly increased amount of implant survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: Implant survival is multifactorial and depends upon a number of factors like level of radiation exposure in that area, time gap between last radiation doses etc., Further research is required in this field to improve the esthetics and quality of life of cancer treated patients.

Revisit of Nasolabial Flap in the Reconstruction of Defects Involving the Oral Floor.

AIM: The aim of this article is to present the usefulness of the nasolabial flap (NL flap) along with a detailed review of the factors that lead to its selection for the reconstruction of post-ablative oral floor defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of patients who underwent the procedure between June 2009 and June 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 16 reconstructive procedures were performed. NL flap was selected for reconstruction in all the cases due patient related factors mainly associated medical comorbidities, resource constraints, and the relatively small size of defects, which precluded the use of free flaps. RESULTS: None of the flaps were lost, 26% of patients had flap related complications. Most of the complications were minor and managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: Data from this study suggest that NL flap is a reliable option for reconstruction of the oral floor, in form as well as function, without esthetic compromise and has a major role even in this era of free flaps.

Knowledge and attitude of health researchers from India towards paying to publish and open access journals.

Knowledge and attitude of 2509 Indian health researchers towards open access publishing and authors paying to publish model was evaluated. 55.6% researchers had knowledge about open access and 76% about Author pay model. 72% of Researchers were not interested to pay publication charges. Lack of research grants were the primary reason for inability to pay publication charges.

A rare occurrence of basal cell adenoma of palate: A case report with comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis.

Basal cell adenoma (BCA) of the salivary glands is an uncommon type of monomorphic adenoma which constitutes 1% of all salivary gland tumors. It most commonly involves parotid gland, while it rarely occurs in minor salivary glands. Upper lip, buccal mucosa, and lower lip are the common intraoral sites; whereas, palate being the rarest one. Due to prognostic implications, differential diagnosis with basal cell adenocarcinoma, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is mandatory. Considering the rarity of this lesion and histologic paradox regarding its diagnosis, we report a case of BCA of palate with emphasis on need of comprehensive immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis.

Correlation between collagen fibers and radiographic patterns of keratocystic odontogenic tumour.

BACKGROUND: WHO has recently renamed odontogenic keratocyst as keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) depending on its tumour like behaviour. AIM: To quantitate and qualitate different types of collagen fibers in KCOT using picrosirius red stain under polarising microscopy and to correlate with different radiographic patterns of KCOT to elucidate its biological behaviour in order to determine whether all KCOTs behave like a tumour. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty histopathologically confirmed cases of KCOT were selected and stained histochemically using picrosirius red and examined under polarising microscope to evaluate colour of collagen fibers in the wall. Radiographic analysis of all the cases were also carried out and correlated with type of collagen of fibers. RESULTS: Greenish yellow collagen fibers were present statistically significantly more in multilocular KCOT and KCOT with multiple radiolucencies (both syndromic and non-syndromic) as compare to unilocular whereas orange red were significantly more in unilocular variety. Syndromic variety showed significantly higher number of greenish yellow collagen fibers than non-syndromic variety. CONCLUSION: Quality, organization and packing of collagen fibers of unilocular type is different than other radiographic patterns which accounts for difference in biological behaviour of these lesion, so we conclude that aggressive treatment should be reserved for selected cases.

Verruciform xanthoma of oral cavity- a case report.

Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon benign lesion of undetermined aetiology. It is a superficial normo-lipemic xanthoma, probably reflecting a multifactorial reactive and dystrophic process. Its clinical and pathological recognition and correct diagnosis is critical because it can occur in conjunction with other systemic and cutaneous inflammatory diseases; therefore, it necessitates further clinical assessment. We, hereby report a rare case of verruciform xanthoma in 46-year-old male patient with history of leukemia with emphasis on need of vigilant comprehensive analysis of clinicopathological and immunohistohemical finding to arrive at definitive diagnosis and for better understanding of pathogenesis.

A comprehensive analysis of articles retracted between 2004 and 2013 from biomedical literature - a call for reforms.

Science is a dynamic subject and it was never free of misconduct or bad research. Indeed, the scientific method itself is intended to overcome mistakes and misdeeds. So, we aimed to assess various factors associated with retraction of scientific articles from 2004 to 2013. Data were retrieved from PubMed and Medline using the keywords retraction of articles, retraction notice, and withdrawal of article in April 2014 to detect articles retracted from 2004 to 2013. Statistical analysis was carried out using t-test and Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results showed that a total of 2343 articles were retracted between 2004 and 2013, and original articles followed by case reports constituted major part of it. Time interval between submission and retraction of article has reduced in recent times. Impact factor and retraction do not have any significant correlation. We conclude that although retraction of articles is a rare event, its constant rise in scientific literature is quite worrisome. It is still unclear whether misconduct/mistakes in articles are increasing hastily or the articles are retracted at a rapid rate in recent times. So, it should be considered as an urgent issue and it is the responsibility of journal editors to track misconduct by following Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and making an effective strategy.

Pulp tissue in sex determination: A fluorescent microscopic study.

AIMS: To determine and compare the reliability of pulp tissue in determination of sex and to analyze whether caries have any effect on fluorescent body test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried on 50 maxillary and mandibular teeth (25 male teeth and 25 female teeth), which were indicated for extraction. The teeth are categorized into 5 groups, 10 each (5 from males and 5 from females) on the basis of caries progression. The pulp cells are stained with quinacrine hydrochloride and observed with fluorescent microscope for fluorescent body. Gender is determined by identification of Y chromosome fluorescence in dental pulp. RESULTS: Fluorescent bodies were found to be more in sound teeth in males as the caries increase the mean percentage of fluorescent bodies observed decreases in males. We also observed the fluorescent spots in females, and the value of the spot increases in female as the caries progresses, thereby giving false positive results in females. CONCLUSION: Sex determination by fluorescent staining of the Y chromosome is a reliable technique in teeth with healthy pulps or caries with enamel or up to half way of dentin. Teeth with caries involving pulp cannot be used for sex determination.