A study on H-score threshold for p16ink4a immunoperoxidase expression in squamous cell tumours of oral cavity.

Background: Validity of various detection methods used are likely contributing factor to this wide variation of prevalence of HPV (0-73%) by using GP5/GP6/MY09/MY11 (L1) primer. PCR is a sensitive method but does not identify transcriptionally active High-risk Human papillomavirus and also does not indicate whether the virus is isolated from malignant tumour cells and non-neoplastic cells. P16ink4a Immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and Cost-effective surrogate marker for transcriptionally active high-risk HPV for oral cancer. Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the H-SCORE of p16 expression in the surface epithelial tumour sites of a large cohort of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), severe dysplasia (SD). we sought to determine whether the p16 algorithm is reliable in Oral cavity SCC and severe dysplasia (SD). Materials and Methods: This study used Immunohistochemistry in archival Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens for assessment of p16 protein expression, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining intensity was categorized based on score (range, 0-3) and presence of tumour cell staining (0-100%). Results: The majority of positive cases had low H-score of p16 staining except 3/161 (1.8%) cases of tongue SCC had positive for p16 with diffuse moderate staining with ≥2 scores. There were no significant differences in the distribution of demographic, exposure and histopathological characteristics between patients with and without P16 expression. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that p16 expression is a reliable HPV marker in the lateral border of the tongue with tonsil involvement but no other sites of the oral cavity. Further p16 IHC detection is required in large cohort of all sites of tongue squamous cell carcinoma studies to validate the marker of HPV.

Bionanofabrication of Cupric oxide catalyst from Water hyacinth based carbohydrate and its impact on cellulose deconstructing enzymes production under solid state fermentation.

One of the most important properties of cellulolytic enzyme is its ability to convert cellulosic polymer into monomeric fermentable sugars which are carbohydrate by nature can efficiently convert into biofuels. However, higher production costs of these enzymes with moderate activity-based stability are the main obstacles to making cellulase-based applications sustainably viable, and this has necessitated rigorous research for the economical availability of this process. Using water hyacinth (WH) waste leaves as the substrate for cellulase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) while treating the fermentation production medium with CuO (cupric oxide oxide) bionanocatalyst have been examined as ways to make fungal cellulase production economically feasible. Herein, a sustainable green synthesis of CuO bionanocatalyst has been performed by using waste leaves of WH. Through XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM analysis, the prepared CuO bionanocatalyst's physicochemical properties have been evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of CuO bionanocatalyst on the temperature stability of raw cellulases was observed, and its half-life stability was found to be up to 9 h at 65 °C. The results presented in the current investigation may have broad scope for mass trials for various industrial applications, such as cellulosic biomass conversion.

Gold nanoparticle assisted colorimetric biosensors for rapid polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sensing for sustainable environment to monitor microplastics.

The extremely widespread and ubiquitous nature of plastics, estimated to boost its global production by 26 billion tons till 2050. The large chunks of plastic waste that decomposed down to micro- or nano plastics (MNPs) leads to various ill effects on biological entities. The conventional PET detection methods lack rapid detection of microplastics due to variances in microplastic features, long-drawn-out sample pre-processing procedures and complex instrumentation. Therefore, an instantaneous colorimetric evaluation of microplastic will ensures the simplicity of conducting assays on field. Several nanoparticle-based biosensors that detects proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites operate on either cluster or disperse state of nanoparticle. However, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) emerges an ideal scaffold for sensory element in lateral flow biosensors due to their simple surface functionalization, unique optoelectronic properties and varied colour spectrum depending on morphologies and aggregation state. In this paper an effort has been made in the form of a hypothesis using in silico tools as a basis to detect polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - most abundant type of microplastic using gold nanoparticle based lateral flow biosensor. We retrieved sequences of PET-binding synthetic peptides and modelled their 3-D structure using I-Tasser server. The best protein model for each peptide sequences are docked with PET monomers - BHET, MHET and other PET polymeric ligands, to evaluate their binding affinities. The synthetic peptide SP 1 (WPAWKTHPILRM) docked with BHET and (MHET)4 exhibits 1.5-fold increases in binding affinity as compared to reference PET anchor peptide Dermaseptin SI (DSI). The GROMACS molecular dynamics simulation studies of synthetic peptide SP 1 - BHET & - (MHET)4 complexes for 50 ns further confirmed the stable binding. RMSF, RMSD, hydrogen bonds, Rg and SASA analysis provides useful structural insights of the SP 1 complexes as compared to reference DSI. Furthermore, SP 1 functionalized AuNP-based colorimetric device was described in detail for detection of PET.

Advancement in precision diagnosis and therapeutic for triple-negative breast cancer: Harnessing diagnostic potential of CRISPR-cas & engineered CAR T-cells mediated therapeutics.

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, disrupted regulatory pathways, and the accumulation of genetic mutations. These mutations across different types of cancer lead to disruptions in signaling pathways and alterations in protein expression related to cellular growth and proliferation. This review highlights the AKT signaling cascade and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) regulating cascade as promising for novel nanotheranostic interventions. Through synergizing state-of-the-art gene editing tools like the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system with nanomaterials and targeting AKT, there is potential to enhance cancer diagnostics significantly. Furthermore, the integration of modified CAR-T cells into multifunctional nanodelivery systems offers a promising approach for targeted cancer inhibition, including the eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within the context of highly aggressive and metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), this review specifically focuses on devising innovative nanotheranostics. For both pre-clinical and post-clinical TNBC detection, the utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system, guided by RNA (gRNA) and coupled with a fluorescent reporter specifically designed to detect TNBC's mutated sequence, could be promising. Additionally, a cutting-edge approach involving the engineering of TNBC-specific iCAR and syn-Notch CAR T-cells, combined with the co-delivery of a hybrid polymeric nano-liposome encapsulating a conditionally replicative adenoviral vector (CRAdV) against CSCs, could present an intriguing intervention strategy. This review thus paves the way for exciting advancements in the field of nanotheranostics for the treatment of TNBC and beyond.

Biosynthesized nanoparticles: a novel approach for cancer therapeutics.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapid, innovative, and adaptable sciences in modern science and cancer therapy. Traditional chemotherapy has limits owing to its non-specific nature and adverse side effects on healthy cells, and it remains a serious worldwide health issue. Because of their capacity to specifically target cancer cells and deliver therapeutic chemicals directly to them, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable strategy for cancer therapies. Nanomaterials disclose novel properties based on size, distribution, and shape. Biosynthesized or biogenic nanoparticles are a novel technique with anti-cancer capabilities, such as triggering apoptosis in cancer cells and slowing tumour growth. They may be configured to deliver medications or other therapies to specific cancer cells or tumour markers. Despite their potential, biosynthesized nanoparticles confront development obstacles such as a lack of standardisation in their synthesis and characterization, the possibility of toxicity, and their efficiency against various forms of cancer. The effectiveness and safety of biosynthesized nanoparticles must be further investigated, as well as the types of cancer they are most successful against. This review discusses the promise of biosynthesized nanoparticles as a novel approach for cancer therapeutics, as well as their mode of action and present barriers to their development.

Smart and intelligent optical materials for sensing applications.

This special issue (SI) entitled 'Smart and intelligent optical materials for sensing applications', published by Luminescence, Wiley focuses on the recent advancement of smart and intelligent optical materials for the fabrication of sensor technology for use in numerous fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental. Also, detailed highlights of their prospects in the fields, for example, of personalized health care, wearable devices, and plant stress monitoring are given. This SI includes 46 peer-reviewed articles, of which 15 are reviews written by well established researchers with expertise in the field, and the remaining 31 are research articles from world-leading scientists.

Green nanobiopolymers for ecological applications: a step towards a sustainable environment.

To minimize the usage of non-renewable resources and to maintain a sustainable environment, the exploitation of green nanobiopolymers should be enhanced. Biopolymers are generally developed from various microorganisms and plants in the specified condition. This review article discusses the current advances and trends of biopolymers, particularly in the arena of nanotechnology. In addition, discussion on various synthesis steps and structural characterization of green polymer materials like cellulose, chitin, and lignin is also encompassed. This article aims to coordinate the most recent outputs and possible future utilization of nanobiopolymers to the ecosystem with negligible effects by promoting the utilities of polymeric materials like polycaprolactones, starch, and nanocellulose. Additionally, strategic modification of cellulose into nanocellulose via rearrangement of the polymeric compound to serve various industrial and medical purposes has also been highlighted in the review. Specifically, the process of nanoencapsulation and its advancements in terms of nutritional aspects was also presented. The potential utility of green nanobiopolymers is one of the best cost-effective alternatives concerning circular economy and thereby helps to maintain sustainability.

Microbial cellulase production and stability investigations via graphene like carbon nanostructure derived from paddy straw.

Cellulases are among the most in-demand bioprocess enzymes, and the high cost of production, combined with their low enzymatic activity, is the main constraint, particularly in the biofuels industry. As a result, low-cost enzyme production modes with high activity and stability have emerged as the primary focus of research. Here, a method for producing a graphene like carbon nanostructure (GLCNs) has been investigated utilizing paddy straw (Ps), and its physicochemical characteristics have been examined using a variety of techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM. Further, the pretreatment of Ps feedstock for cellulase production was done using diluted waste KOH liquid collected during the preparation of the GLCNs. To increase the production and stability of the enzyme, newly prepared GLCNs is utilized as a nanocatalyst. Using 15 mg of GLCNs, 35 IU/gds FP activity was seen after 72 h, followed by 158 IU/gds EG and 114 IU/gds BGL activity in 96 h. This nanocatalyst supported enzyme was thermally stable at 70 °C up to 15 h and exhibited stability at pH 7.0 for 10 h by holding 66 % of its half-life.

Sustainable valorization of water hyacinth waste pollutant via pyrolysis for advance microbial fuel investigation.

Present study has been focused on the bio-energy potential of waste biomass (water hyacinth leaves and its stem). Pyrolysis of both biomasses were investigated at five different heating rates (5-25 °C/min) using thermogravimetric analyzer. For both biomasses, maximum thermal degradation occurred within the temperature range of 200-400 °C, which is the active pyrolytic zone. Three non-iso-conversional (degradation models) including the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Starink were used to calculate the activation energy of both biomasses. The activation energy was around 92-98 kJ/mol for water hyacinth leaves and 151-153 kJ/mol for water hyacinth stems. The results suggest that these low-cost abundantly available biomasses have a good potential for the production of solid bio-fuel.

Potentialities of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials as sensor for food analysis.

Food safety and quality are among the most significant and prevalent research areas worldwide. The fabrication of appropriate technical procedures or devices for the recognition of hazardous features in foods is essential to safeguard food materials. In the recent era, developing high-performance sensors based on carbon nanomaterial for food safety investigation has made noteworthy progress. Hence this review briefly highlights the different detection approaches (colorimetric sensor, fluorescence sensor, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, and electroluminescence), functional carbon nanomaterials with various dimensions (quantum dots, graphene quantum dots) and detection mechanisms. Further, this review emphasizes the assimilation of carbon nanomaterials with optical sensors to identify multiple contaminants in food products. The insights of carbon-based nanomaterials optical sensors for pesticides and insecticides, toxic metals, antibiotics, microorganisms, and mycotoxins detection are described in detail. Finally, the opportunities and future perspectives of nanomaterials-based optical analytical approaches for detecting various food contaminants are discussed.

State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis.

The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Thus, this review provides an outline of SARS-CoV-2, of the traditional tools to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, and of the role of emerging nanomaterials with unique properties for fabricating biosensor devices to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease; however, considerably more is undetermined and yet to be explored. Hence, this review highlights the utility of various nanobiosensor devices for SARS-CoV-2 determination. Further, it also emphasizes the future outlook of nanobiosensing technologies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.

Plant-soil-microbes: A tripartite interaction for nutrient acquisition and better plant growth for sustainable agricultural practices.

Plants can achieve their proper growth and development with the help of microorganisms associated with them. Plant-associated microbes convert the unavailable nutrients to available form and make them useful for plants. Besides nutrient acquisition, soil microbes also inhibit the pathogens that cause harm to plant growth and induces defense response. Due to the beneficial activities of soil nutrient-microbe-plant interactions, it is necessary to study more on this topic and develop microbial inoculant technology in the agricultural field for better crop improvement. The soil microbes can be engineered, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) technology can be developed as well, as its application can be improved for utilization as biofertilizer, biopesticides, etc., instead of using harmful chemical biofertilizers. Moreover, plant growth-promoting microbe inoculants can enhance crop productivity. Although, scientists have discussed several tools and techniques by omics and gene editing approaches for crop improvement to avoid biotic and abiotic stress and make the plant healthier and more nutritive. However, beneficial soil microbes that help plants with the nutrient acquisition, development, and stress resistance were ignored, and farmers started utilizing chemical fertilizers. Thus, this review attempts to summarize the interaction system of plant microbes, the role of beneficiary soil microbes in the rhizosphere zone, and their role in plant health promotion, particularly in the nutrition acquisition of the plant. The review will also provide a better understanding of soil microbes that can be exploited as biofertilizers and plant growth promoters in the field to create environmentally friendly, sustainable agriculture systems.

Design and synergistic effect of nano-sized epoxy-NiCo2O4 nanocomposites for anticorrosion applications.

In the present work, we evaluated the corrosion inhibition properties of a ligand and mixed metal oxide nanocomposite. The ligand and mixed nickel-cobalt complex were synthesized using 1-naphthoic acid and aminoguanidine with the formulae [C11H7O2(CN4H5)(CN4H6)]·H2O and {Ni-Co[(CH5N4)2(C11H7O2)2]}·H2O, respectively. After their synthesis, physicochemical techniques such as CHNS analysis, infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize both the synthesized ligand and nickel-cobalt complex. The metal oxide prepared from the decomposition of the metal complex was also characterized using several techniques to confirm its bonding and structure. In addition, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the epoxy-ligand and epoxy-NiCo2O4 nanocomposite on mild steel (MS) in 3 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 0.5 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution was examined and compared using weight loss measurements, Tafel plots, isotherms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results from the electrochemical studies disclosed that the epoxy coating of mixed metal oxides with 0.8 ppm concentration yielded excellent corrosion protection. The SEM images of mild steel and mild steel coated with epoxy-ligand/epoxy-NiCo2O4 in HCl confirmed the anti-corrosive behavior of the synthesized compounds. Hence, the as-prepared material can be a next-generation tool for sustainable anti-corrosive coatings.

Smart and emerging nanomaterials-based biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a primary cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, various detection approaches are already present, and many other techniques are also being developed for the rapid and real-time detection of COVID-19 infection in the wake of this pandemic. Hence, this featured review will provide an overview of COVID-19, its biomarkers, current diagnostic techniques, and emerging smart nanomaterials-based biosensing approaches; apart from this, it will also extend some light on future perspectives of biosensing technologies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.

Bioinspired triangular ZnO nanoclusters synthesized by Argyreia nervosa nascent leaf extract for the efficient electrochemical determination of vitamin C.

This work deals with the synthesis of bioinspired triangular ZnO nanoclusters (bT-ZnO NCs) from Argyreia nervosa nascent leaf extract for their effective antibacterial activity and further utilization as a platform for the electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C) for applications in the agricultural domain. The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the synthesized bT-ZnO NCs were analyzed by UV-vis, FT-IR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, and EDX techniques. After this, bT-ZnO NCs were electrophoretically deposited onto an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass substrate and assessed for the electro-oxidation of AA by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and from this it was proven that bT-ZnO NCs had a very high electrochemical sensitivity of 29.88 µA cm-2 toward AA and a low limit of detection of 0.5321 mM under the optimized experimental conditions. Thus, it provides a potential sensing platform for electrochemical studies to detect AA. Moreover, bT-ZnO NCs were preliminarily investigated for their antibacterial activity, and the obtained results showed that the bT-ZnO NCs have potency as an antibacterial agent.

Tunable electrochemistry and efficient antibacterial activity of plant-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Annona squamosa seed extract for agricultural utility.

The present report deals with the synthesis of plant-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles (pm-CuO NPs) from Annona squamosa aqueous seed extract for effective antibacterial activity and the further utilization of this as a platform for the electrocatalytic determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for applications in the agricultural domain. The structural, optical and morphological characteristics of the synthesized pm-CuO NPs were analyzed by UV-Vis, XRD, FT-IR, AFM, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM and EDX. After this, pm-CuO NPs were preliminarily investigated for antibacterial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, and further, their activity was validated for assessing their antibacterial efficiency on the Xanthomonas oryzae, a plant pathogenic bacteria strain, and the obtained results showed that pm-CuO NPs have potency as an effective antibacterial agent for the treatment of the bacterial blight of rice caused by X. oryzae in the rice crop, which reduces the rice crop productivity. Further, pm-CuO NPs were electrophoretically deposited onto an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass substrate and assessed for the electro-oxidation of H2O2 by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and from this it was proved that pm-CuO NPs had a very high electrochemical sensitivity of 49 µA µM-1 cm-2 towards H2O2 and a low detection limit of 574 µM, with these responses obtained under optimized experimental conditions. Thus, pm-CuO NPs also provide a potential sensing platform for electrochemical studies to detect H2O2 produced during plant stress surroundings to properly manage crops susceptible to oxidative damage by elevated H2O2 levels during stress.

Potentialities of bioinspired metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in biomedical sciences.

To date, various reports have shown that metallic gold bhasma at the nanoscale form was used as medicine as early as 2500 B.C. in India, China, and Egypt. Owing to their unique physicochemical, biological, and electronic properties, they have broad utilities in energy, environment, agriculture and more recently, the biomedical field. The biomedical domain has been used in drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics, therapeutics, and biosensing applications. In this review, we will discuss and highlight the increasing control over metal and metal oxide nanoparticle structures as smart nanomaterials utilized in the biomedical domain to advance the role of biosynthesized nanoparticles for improving human health through wide applications in the targeted drug delivery, controlled release drug delivery, wound dressing, tissue scaffolding, and medical implants. In addition, we have discussed concerns related to the role of these types of nanoparticles as an anti-viral agent by majorly highlighting the ways to combat the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, along with their prospects.

Potential applications of peptide nucleic acid in biomedical domain.

Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) are DNA/RNA synthetic analogs with 2-([2-aminoethyl] amino) acetic acid backbone. They partake unique antisense and antigene properties, just due to its inhibitory effect on transcription and translation; they also undergo complementary binding to RNA/DNA with high affinity and specificity. Hence, to date, many methods utilizing PNA for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases namely cancer, AIDS, human papillomavirus, and so on, have been designed and developed. They are being used widely in polymerase chain reaction modulation/mutation, fluorescent in-situ hybridization, and in microarray as a probe; they are also utilized in many in-vitro and in-vivo assays and for developing micro and nano-sized biosensor/chip/array technologies. Earlier reviews, focused only on PNA properties, structure, and modifications related to diagnostics and therapeutics; our review emphasizes on PNA properties and synthesis along with its potential applications in diagnosis and therapeutics. Furthermore, prospects in biomedical applications of PNAs are being discussed in depth.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles: properties, biosynthesis and biomedical application.

Nanotechnology is the branch of science which deals with particles ranging between 1-100 nm. These particles are called nanoparticles, and they exhibit unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties, which make them different from the bulk material. These properties of nanomaterials help them to find a variety of applications in the biomedical, agricultural, and environmental domains. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have gained a lot of attention as a potential future candidate for ending various kinds of problems by exhibiting redox activity, free radical scavenging property, biofilm inhibition, etc. Synthesis of these nanoparticles can be performed very easily by utilizing chemical or biological methods. But in this review, the focus is laid on the biosynthesis of these nanoparticles; as the biosynthesis method makes the cerium oxide nanoparticle less toxic and compatible with the living tissues, which helps them to find their path as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. The pre-existing reviews have only focused on details relating to properties/applications/synthesis; whereas this review draws attention towards all the aspects in single review covering all the details in depth such as biosynthesis methods and its effect on the living tissues, along with properties, biomedical applications (diagnostic and therapeutic) and future outlook of the cerium oxide nanoparticle.

Closure of chronic non healing ankle ulcer with low level laser therapy in a patient presenting with thalassemia intermedia: Case report.

In this single case study, the possible effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was explored in the form of light emitting diodes on a chronic non-healing wound of 6 months duration in an 18-year-old male patient suffering from thalassemia intermedia. After irradiation, with LLLT dosage of 17.3 J/cm(2) for 8 min for 2 weeks duration followed by proliferative dosage of 8.65-4.33 J/cm(2) for 4 min from 3(rd) week to 6(th) week for 2 min along with antibiotics vancomycin (15 mg/kg) and a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (1 g). Proliferation of healthy granulation tissue was observed with decrease in score of pressure ulcer scale with complete re-epithelialization eventually LLLT irradiation could be a novel method of treatment for chronic non-healing wound in a thalassemia intermedia patient and an useful adjunct to standard care of treatment of pressure ulcers. It is postulated that LED irradiation augments wound healing with an early closure and no recurrence at the irradiated site even after follow up of 6 months.