Cellular metabolism and health impacts of dichlorvos: Occurrence, detection, prevention, and remedial strategies-A review.

Dichlorvos (2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, [DDVP]) belongs to the class of organophosphates and is widely used as an insecticide in agriculture farming and post-harvest storage units. Extensive research has been conducted to assess the factors responsible for the presence of DDVP in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as the entire food chain. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of DDVP metabolites in the food chain and their toxicity to mammals. These studies emphasize that both immediate and chronic exposure to DDVP can disrupt the host's homeostasis, leading to multi-organ damage. Furthermore, as a potent carcinogen, DDVP can harm aquatic systems. Therefore, understanding the contamination of DDVP and its toxicological effects on both plants and mammals is vital for minimizing potential risks and enhancing safety in the future. This review aimed to comprehensively consolidate information about the distribution, ecological effects, and health impacts of DDVP, as well as its metabolism, detection, prevention, and remediation strategies. In summary, this study observes the distribution of DDVP contaminations in vegetables and fruits, resulting in significant toxicity to humans. Although several detection and bioremediation strategies are emerging, the improper application of DDVP and the alarming level of DDVP contamination in foods lead to human toxicity that requires attention.

Unraveling the hazardous impact of diverse contaminants in the marine environment: Detection and remedial approach through nanomaterials and nano-biosensors.

Marine pollution is one of the most underlooked forms of pollution as it affects most aquatic lives and public health in the coastal area. The diverse form of the hazardous pollutant in the marine ecosystem leads the serious genetic level disorders and diseases which include cancer, diabetes, arthritis, reproductive, and neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and several microbial infections. Therefore, a recent alarming study on these pollutants, the microplastics have been voiced out in many countries worldwide, it was even found to be in the human placenta. In recent times, nanomaterials have demonstrated their potential in the detection and remediation of sensitive contaminants. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview of the source, and distribution of diverse marine pollution on both aquatic and human health by summarizing the concentration of diverse pollutions (heavy metals, pesticides, microbial toxins, and micro/nano plastics) in marine samples such as soil, water, and seafood. Followed by emphasizing its ecotoxicological impact on aquatic animal life and coastal public health. Also discussed are the applicability and advancements of nanomaterials and nano-based biosensors in the detection, prevention, and remediation of diverse pollution in the marine ecosystem.

Impact of benzo[a]pyrene with other pollutants induce the molecular alternation in the biological system: Existence, detection, and remediation methods.

The exposure of benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) in recent times is rather unavoidable than ever before. BaP emissions are sourced majorly from anthropogenic rather than natural provenance from wildfires and volcanic eruptions. A major under-looked source is via the consumption of foods that are deep-fried, grilled, and charcoal smoked foods (meats in particular). BaP being a component of poly aromatic hydrocarbons has been classified as a Group I carcinogenic agent, which has been shown to cause both systemic and localized effects in animal models as well as in humans; has been known to cause various forms of cancer, accelerate neurological disorders, invoke DNA and cellular damage due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and involve in multi-generational phenotypic and genotypic defects. BaP's short and accumulated exposure has been shown in disrupting the fertility of gamete cells. In this review, we have discussed an in-depth and capacious run-through of the various origins of BaP, its economic distribution and its impact as well as toxicological effects on the environment and human health. It also deals with a mechanism as a single compound and its ability to synergize with other chemicals/materials, novel sensitive detection methods, and remediation approaches held in the environment.