A new genome allows the identification of genes associated with natural variation in aluminium tolerance in Brachiaria grasses.

Toxic concentrations of aluminium cations and low phosphorus availability are the main yield-limiting factors in acidic soils, which represent half of the potentially available arable land. Brachiaria grasses, which are commonly sown as forage in the tropics because of their resilience and low demand for nutrients, show greater tolerance to high concentrations of aluminium cations (Al3+) than most other grass crops. In this work, we explored the natural variation in tolerance to Al3+ between high and low tolerant Brachiaria species and characterized their transcriptional differences during stress. We identified three QTLs (quantitative trait loci) associated with root vigour during Al3+ stress in their hybrid progeny. By integrating these results with a new Brachiaria reference genome, we identified 30 genes putatively responsible for Al3+ tolerance in Brachiaria. We observed differential expression during stress of genes involved in RNA translation, response signalling, cell wall composition, and vesicle location homologous to aluminium-induced proteins involved in limiting uptake or localizing the toxin. However, there was limited regulation of malate transporters in Brachiaria, which suggests that exudation of organic acids and other external tolerance mechanisms, common in other grasses, might not be relevant in Brachiaria. The contrasting regulation of RNA translation and response signalling suggests that response timing is critical in high Al3+-tolerant Brachiaria.

Use of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria as a vector to express the cry3A gene from "Bacillus thuringiensis"

The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria as a vector to express a 'cry' gene from "Bacillus thuringiensis", envisaging the control of pests that attack sugarcane plants. The endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria "Gluconacetobacter diazothophicus" strain BR11281 and "Herbaspirillum seropedicae" strain BR11335 were used as models. The 'cry3A' gene was transferred by conjugation using a suicide plasmid and recombinant strains were selected by their ability to fix nitrogen in semi-solid N-free medium. The presence of the 'cry' gene was detected by Southern-blot using an internal fragment of 1.0 kb as a probe. The production of (delta)-endotoxin by recombinant "H. seropedicae" strain was detected by dot blot while for "G. diazotrophicus" the Western-blot technique was used. In both cases, a specific antibody raised against the "B. thuringiensis" toxin was applied. The (delta)-endotoxin production showed by the "G. diazotrophicus" recombinant strain was dependent on the nitrogen fixing conditions since the 'cry3A' gene was fused to a 'nif' promoter. In the case of "H. seropedicae" the (delta)-endotoxin expression was not affected by the promoter ('rhi') used. These results suggest that endophytic diazotrophic bacteria can be used as vectors to express entomopathogenic genes envisaging control of sugarcane pests

Use of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria as a vector to express the cry3A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis

The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria as a vector to express a cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, envisaging the control of pests that attack sugarcane plants. The endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain BR11281 and Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain BR11335 were used as models. The cry3A gene was transferred by conjugation using a suicide plasmid and the recombinant strains were selected by their ability to fix nitrogen in semi-solid N-free medium. The presence of the cry gene was detected by Southern-blot using an internal fragment of 1.0 kb as a probe. The production of delta-endotoxin by the recombinant H. seropedicae strain was detected by dot blot while for G. diazotrophicus the Western-blot technique was used. In both cases, a specific antibody raised against the B. thuringiensis toxin was applied. The delta-endotoxin production showed by the G. diazotrophicus recombinant strain was dependent on the nitrogen fixing conditions since the cry3A gene was fused to a nif promoter. In the case of H. seropedicae the delta-endotoxin expression was not affected by the promoter (rhi) used. These results suggest that endophytic diazotrophic bacteria can be used as vectors to express entomopathogenic genes envisaging control of sugarcane pests.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de uso de bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas como vetores para a expressão de genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis. As bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus estirpe BR11281 e Herbaspirillum seropedicae estirpe BR11335 foram usadas como modelo. O gene cry3A foi transferido através de um plasmídeo suicída por conjugação e os recombinantes foram selecionados pela sua capacidade de fixar nitrogênio em meio semi-sólido sem N. A presença do gene cry3A no genoma dos transconjugantes foi detectada através da técnica de "Southern blot" utilizando como sonda um fragmento de 1,0 kb, interno ao gene cry3A. A produção de delta-endotoxina pelos transconjugantes foi detectada por "Dot blot" em de H. seropedicae e por "Western blot" em G. diazotrophicus, usando-se o anticorpo específico para a toxina de B. thuringiensis. A avaliação da produção da delta-endotoxina mostrou que a expressão do gene cry3A em G. diazotrophicus é dependente do processo de fixação de nitrogênio por estar fusionado a um promotor nif nesta bactéria. No caso de H. seropedicae a expressão não foi influenciada pelo promotor de rizosfera (rhi) usado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que estas bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas podem ser usadas como vetores para expressar genes com atividade entomopatogênica, visando o controle de pragas de cana-de-açúcar ou outras plantas de interesse econômico.