Normative Data and Determinants of Macular, Disc, and Peripapillary Vascular Density in Healthy Myopic Children Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Objective: To establish a normative database for the vascular density (VD) in macular, disc, and peripapillary regions in healthy myopic children and to evaluate associated ocular features with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: This was an observational, prospective and cross-sectional study. 776 Chinese healthy myopic children (375 boys and 401 girls) were enrolled, mean (±SD) age 9.84 ± 1.98 (range 6-16) years. En-face angiogram OCTA was performed on 6 mm × 6 mm retinal and 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm disc regions. VD measurements in the macular retina were segmented into the four regions: superficial capillary plexus (SCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC). Correlations between macular, disc, and peripapillary VD and possible influencing factors [age, gender, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), right/left eye, and signal strength index (SSI)] were assessed by Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression analysis. Results: For macular scans, the corrected VD in the ICP region was (48.25 ± 4.24)% for the whole macular retina. The macular ICP VD in most sections was lower than the SCP, DCP, and CC (all P < 0.001). The corrected VD in CC was (72.96 ± 4.42)% for the whole macular retina. The macular CC VD in every section was all higher than the SCP, ICP, and DCP (all P < 0.001). The size of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and foveal VD 300 (FD-300) was 0.28 mm2± 0.10 mm2 and (58.43 ± 4.17)% respectively. For disc scans, the corrected VD was (58.04 ± 2.73)% for the whole disc area. Both AL and SER were strongly correlated with ICP, DCP, and CC VD in all regions (all P < 0.01). Larger SSI was correlated with a lower VD in the SCP and ICP, and a higher VD in DCP and CC (all P < 0.01). Conclusion: Vascular density values provide large scale normative data on macular, disc, and peripapillary vascular parameters in a large sample of healthy myopic children with OCTA measured in the four different retinal plexuses and regions. The VD in different regions had various influencing factors; mainly a close correlation with AL and SSI.

Hydrogel eye drops as a non-invasive drug carrier for topical enhanced Adalimumab permeation and highly efficient uveitis treatment.

Uveitis is one of the most popular blind-causing eye diseases worldwide. Adalimumab (ADA) is used for the uveitis treatment through systemic or intravitreal injection at the expense of systemic side effects and increased medical risks. Although eye drops, a non-invasive topical treatment, could be a potential strategy to reduce side effects, it remains challenging to apply due to limited bioavailability mainly linked to poor retention time and permeation capacity for eye biological barriers. Here, we reported hydrogel eye drops composed of low-deacetylated chitosan and ß-glycerophosphate as an ADA carrier and tested its toxicity, tolerability, intraocular permeability, and efficacy of non-invasive treatment for uveitis. It's found the ADA-loaded hydrogel eye drops were more efficient than free ADA both in permeation rate and clinical efficacy for uveitis, Overall, this study provides a friendly non-invasive strategy to improve drug permeation rate and uveitis treatment efficacy, which may be valuable to clinically ophthalmic medication.

PHACOEMULSIFICATION CATARACT SURGERY WITH PROPHYLACTIC INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB FOR PATIENTS WITH COEXISTING DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection combined with cataract surgery in the treatment of patients with cataract and coexisting diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: Pertinent comparative studies were identified through systemic searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register up to March 1, 2016. Outcome measures included corrected distance vision acuity, central macular thickness, and progression of DR and maculopathy. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). RESULTS: Six studies describing a total of 283 eyes were identified. The meta-analysis results showed that corrected distance vision acuity measured at 1 month and 3 months after cataract surgery was significantly better in the IVB groups than in the control groups (P < 0.00001 and P = 0.01), whereas the corrected distance vision acuity at 6 months did not vary significantly between the 2 groups (P = 0.24). Similarly, the central macular thickness at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery was significantly thinner in the IVB groups than in the control groups (P = 0.01, P = 0.0004, and P = 0.01, respectively). At 6 months, the progression of postoperative DR and maculopathy occurred more frequently in the control group than in the IVB group (P = 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis indicates that cataract surgery combined with IVB seems to be an effective treatment in patients with coexisting DR in the short term (up to 6 months). More randomized, prospective, and large-sample-sized trials are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of IVB at the time of cataract surgery in patients with DR.

Corneal Surface Ablation Laser Refractive Surgery for the Correction of Myopia: A Network Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically compare the efficacy, predictability, safety, postoperative haze, pain scores, and epithelial healing time of four corneal surface ablation procedures. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the U.S. trial registry were searched up to June 2018. Randomized controlled trials were selected. Efficacy (uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better), predictability (refractive spherical equivalent within ±0.50 diopters [D] of the target), and safety (loss of two or more lines of spectacle corrected distance visual acuity) were set as primary outcome measures. Haze, pain scores, and epithelial healing time were set as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: Eighteen studies involving 1,423 eyes were included. According to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, the quality of outcomes were moderate to high (70.6%). There were no differences in efficacy, predictability, safety, haze, day 1 pain, and epithelial healing time between treatments. Epithelial laser in situ keratomileusis (epi-LASIK) had statistically significantly higher pain scores on day 3 compared to photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (weighted mean differences [WMD] = 2.2, 95% credible intervals [CrI] = 0.19 to 4.01) and transepithelial PRK (T-PRK) (WMD = 2.7, 95% CrI = 0.51 to 4.84). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve ranking results (best to worst) showed laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) ranked highest for efficacy, predictability, safety, and day 1 pain scores. Epi-LASIK ranked best for grade 1 haze scores. T-PRK ranked best for haze of 0.5 or higher, haze scores day 3 pain scores, and epithelial healing time. CONCLUSIONS: Surface laser refractive surgeries are comparable in terms of efficacy, predictability, safety, and postoperative haze except for day 3 pain scores, with epi-LASIK being more painful compared to PRK and T-PRK. [J Refract Surg. 2018;34(11):726-735.].

The Italian Catquest-9SF cataract questionnaire: translation, validation and application.

BACKGROUND: To validate the Catquest-9SF questionnaire in Italian, assess the change in visual disability with cataract surgery and determine the correlation between pre-operative Catquest-9SF scores and Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III cataract grading. METHODS: Prospective, questionnaire validation study. The Catquest-9SF questionnaire was forward and back translated and completed by 209 Italian patients before and three months following cataract surgery. Rasch analysis was used to assess its psychometric properties. RESULTS: The Italian Catquest-9SF demonstrated ordered response categories, unidimensionality (item fit statistics range: 0.73-1.34), adequate person separation (2.04), and no differential item functioning. Mistargeting was evident with a mean difference in item difficulty and person ability of 2.04 logits but improved with inclusion of pre-operative data only. There was a statistically significant (Friedman tests, p < 0.001) median improvement in visual disability of 1.92, 3.57, 1.44 and 2.94 logits in patients undergoing first eye surgery with and without ocular comorbidity, and second eye surgery with and without ocular comorbidity respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the improvements among the four groups (Kruskal-Wallis H test, X (2) (3) = 5.445, p = 0.142). There was no correlation between Catquest-9SF scores and nuclear opalescence (r s = 0.049, p = 0.478), nuclear colour (r s = 0.008, p = 0.909), cortical (r s = 0.066, p = 0.341), and posterior subcapsular components (r s = 0.048, p = 0.494). CONCLUSIONS: The Italian Catquest-9SF demonstrated good psychometric properties and is suitable for use in Italian speaking patients. There were similar improvements in visual disability in patients undergoing first or second eye surgery, with or without ocular comorbidity. There was no correlation between pre-operative Catquest-9SF scores and LOCS III cataract grading.

Comparing accommodative function between the dominant and non-dominant eye.

BACKGROUND: To compare the accommodative amplitude (AA), facility (AF), and lag between dominant and non-dominant eyes. METHODS: Seventy students [mean (SD) age: 21.2 (1.7) years, range 18-25] from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were selected. Retinoscopy and subjective refraction was used to determine the refractive error. The hole-in-the card method was used to determine eye dominance. The accommodative amplitude (AA) was measured in the dominant and non-dominant eye using the push-up method, and accommodative facility (AF) using ±2.00 dioptre flipper lenses at 40 cm. Accommodative lag was determined using monocular estimate method (MEM) retinoscopy at 40 cm. RESULTS: The right eye was dominant in 53 subjects (75.7 %). There was no significant difference in refractive error (sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent) between dominant and non-dominant eyes. The mean (SD) for the AA, AF, and lag in dominant eyes was 12.48 (2.56) dioptres, 12.45 (4.83) cycles per minute, and 0.80 (0.27) dioptres respectively. The mean (SD) for the AA, AF, and lag in non-dominant eyes was 12.16 (2.37) dioptres, 12.20 (4.88) cycles per minute, and 0.83 (0.28) dioptres respectively. The mean (SD) difference in AA, AF, and lag between dominant and non dominant eyes was 0.32 (0.75) dioptres (P = 0.001), 0.25 (1.05) cycles per minute (P = 0.04), and -0.02 (0.11) dioptres (P = 0.10) respectively. The AA and AF was statistically better (P < 0.05) in the dominant eye group than in the non-dominant eye group. These data provided little evidence of any difference in the accommodative lag between dominant and non-dominant eyes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The right eye was dominant in 76 % of subjects. Superior AA and AF was found in the dominant eye as determined by hole-in-the card method in young healthy adults, although these differences are perhaps not of clinical significance (<0.50 dioptres and <2 cycles per minute).

The Quality of Vision questionnaire: subscale interchangeability.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interchangeability of the three subscales of the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire: Frequency, Severity and Bothersome. This will indicate if any of the subscales are predictive of one another and whether respondents need to complete all three subscales. METHODS: Data from four studies were pooled together, totaling 1930 completed questionnaires. Patient groups consisted of spectacle wearers, contact lens wearers, post-laser refractive surgery (including laser in situ keratomileusis, laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy, and photorefractive keratectomy surgeries for various refractive errors), patients with cataract, and patients having undergone lens implantation surgery (consisting of monofocal, multifocal, and pseudoaccommodative intraocular lenses). The Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) method was used to assess the interchangeability between the three subscales of the QoV questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean difference, standard deviation of the differences, and the LoA for the Frequency versus Severity subscale was 2.8570, 6.784, and -10.4397 to 16.1537, respectively. The mean difference, standard deviation of the differences, and the LoA for the Frequency versus Bothersome subscale was 5.4674, 12.5768, and -19.1831 to 30.1179, respectively. The mean difference, standard deviation of the differences, and the LoA for the Severity versus Bothersome subscale was 2.6104, 9.4444, and -15.9006 to 21.1213, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The wide LoA found in this study indicate that the three subscales of the QoV questionnaire (Frequency, Severity and Bothersome.) measure different aspects of the latent trait, quality of vision. Users should continue to use all three subscales of the questionnaire to achieve a comprehensive assessment of subjective quality of vision.

Subjective quality of vision before and after cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cataract surgery on subjective quality of vision. METHODS: The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire (Italian translation) was completed before and 3 months after cataract surgery in 4 groups of patients recruited from September through December 2010: first eye with ocular comorbidity, first eye without ocular comorbidity, second eye with ocular comorbidity, and second eye without ocular comorbidity. The questionnaire measures 3 aspects of quality of vision: frequency, severity, and bothersome nature of symptoms. The Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III was used for cataract grading. Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were performed to compare QoV scores within and between groups. Spearman rank correlations (rs) were calculated to investigate the correlation between LOCS III and QoV symptoms. RESULTS: Two hundred twelve patients (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [8.7] years) were recruited, and 212 eyes were included in the study. Improvements in QoV scores were found in all 4 groups (P < .05). There were no statistically significant (P > .05) differences among the 4 groups in the improvement in QoV scores or in the preoperative or postoperative scores. Blurred vision was correlated with posterior subcapsular cataract (rs = 0.420, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract in one or both eyes causes a similar loss in subjective quality of vision, which is also irrespective of the presence of ocular comorbidity. Posterior subcapsular cataract causes the specific symptom "blurred vision." Cataract surgery resulted in a large and comparable improvement in subjective quality of vision, regardless of ocular comorbidity and first or second eye surgery.

Optical coherence tomography measurements with the LENTIS Mplus multifocal intraocular lens.

BACKGROUND: To investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements following implantation of the LENTIS Mplus multifocal IOL, compared with a control group. METHODS: OCT scans were performed on 50 eyes with the Topcon 3D OCT-1000 in two groups of patients. The first group consisted of patients following implantation of the LENTIS Mplus, and a second group of age-matched control eyes following implantation of a monofocal aspheric IOL. Macular thickness and macular volume values were compared between groups and assessment for any onscreen visible artifacts. RESULTS: OCT scans were successfully performed in all 50 eyes with no visible artifacts in either group during scan acquisitions. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in any measured or calculated macular thickness or volume values between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: OCT measurements with the Topcon 3D OCT-1000 is possible and free from visible artifacts in eyes which have had the LENTIS Mplus multifocal IOL implanted. Macular thickness and volume values were similar to those of an age-matched control group of monofocal aspheric IOLs.