Succession of Dung-Inhabiting Beetles and Flies Reflects the Succession of Dung-Emitted Volatile Compounds.

Chemical cues, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are often essential for insects to locate food. Relative to the volume of studies on the role of VOCs in insect-plant relationships, the role of VOCs emitted by dung and carrion in mediating the behavior of insect decomposers is understudied. Such relationships may provide a mechanistic understanding of the temporal axis of community assembly processes in decomposing insect communities. We focused on the temporal succession of volatiles released by cow dung pats and the potential influence on dung-inhabiting insects. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry we identified and quantified VOCs released from dung 1-h, and 1, 2 3, 5, and 7 d-old. We then related changes in VOCs to successional patterns of dung-inhabiting beetles and flies. We detected 54 VOCs which could be assigned to two successional groups, with chemical turnover in dung changing around day 2. The early successional group consisted primarily of aliphatic alcohols and phenols, and the late one of aliphatic esters, nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing compounds. Flies were predominately associated with the early successional group, mainly with 1-butanol. Beetles were associated predominately with the late-successional group, mainly with dimethyl trisulfide. This association between insect and chemical successional patterns supports the idea that habitat filtering drives the community assembly of dung-inhabiting insects on an aging resource. Moreover, the affinity of both insect groups to specific VOC groups provides a mechanistic explanation for the predictability of successional patterns found in dung-inhabiting insect communities.

Native soil microorganisms hinder the soil enrichment with antibiotic resistance genes following manure applications.

Bacterial genes responsible for resistance to antibiotic agents (ARG) are spread from livestock to soil through application of manure, threatening environmental and human health. We investigated the mechanisms of ARG dissemination and persistence to disentangle i) the influence of nutrients and microorganisms on the soil tetracycline (TET) resistome, and ii) the role of indigenous soil microbiota in preventing ARG spread. We analysed short-term (7 days) and persistent (84 days) effects of manure on the resistome of three antibiotic-free pasture soils. Four microcosm treatments were evaluated: control, mineral nutrient fertilization, and deposition of a layer of fresh manure onto soil or γ-irradiated soil. We quantified five TET-resistance genes, isolated 135 TET-resistant bacteria and sequenced both culturable TET-resistant and whole bacterial communities. Manure amendments, but not nutrient addition, increased the abundance of TET-r genes such as tet(Y). Such changes persisted with time, in contrast with the TET-resistant bacterial composition, which partially recovered after manure amendments. Manured γ-irradiated soils showed significantly lower nutrient content and higher TET-r gene abundance than non-irradiated soils, suggesting that native soil bacteria are essential for the fertilization effect of manure on soil as well as control the dissemination of potentially risky TET-r genes.

Temporal Segregation between Dung-Inhabiting Beetle and Fly Species.

The coexistence of ecologically similar species (i.e. species utilizing the same resource) is a major topic in ecology. Communities are assembled either through the biotic interactions of ecologically similar species, e.g. competition, or by the abiotic separation of species along gradients of environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the temporal segregation, succession and seasonality of dung-inhabiting Coleoptera and Diptera that utilize an identical resource in exactly the same way. The data were collected from two temperate pastures, one in the United Kingdom and the second in the Czech Republic. There was no evident temporal separation between ecologically similar coleopterous or dipterous taxa during succession. In contrast, these two orders were almost perfectly separated seasonally in both combined and site-specific datasets. Flies were most abundant in the summer, and beetles were more abundant in the spring and autumn. Ecologically similar beetles and flies also displayed seasonal separation in both combined and site-specific data. Analyses within site-specific data sets revealed such a separation at both the order and species level. Season is therefore the main temporal axis separating ecologically similar species of dung-inhabiting insects in temperate habitats, while succession aggregates species that may have similar environmental tolerances (to e.g. dung moisture). This separation between ecologically similar taxa of beetles and flies may be attributable to either competition-based niche separation or to temperature tolerance-based habitat filtering, since flies have peak activity in warmer months while beetles have peak activity in cooler months.