The Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation (ASERF): A 30-Year Retrospective Analysis.

Federal government research grants provide limited funding to plastic surgeon-scientists, with reconstructive research taking precedence over aesthetic research. The Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation (ASERF) is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization that seeks to support innovative, diverse research endeavors within aesthetic surgery. A total of 130 ASERF-funded studies and 32 non-funded applications from 1992 to 2022 were reviewed. Kruskal Wallis, Fisher's exact, and chi-squared tests were utilized to assess the potential relationship between self-identified gender, practice setting, geographical location, and study type with individual grant amounts and grant funding decision. Although significant differences were observed between male and female grant recipient h-indices (P < .05), there were no differences in the amount of funding they received (P > .05). Grant amounts were also consistent between study types as well as principal investigator practice settings and geographical locations (P > .05). The subanalysis revealed that the practice setting of the primary investigator (PI) was the only variable to exhibit a significant association with the decision to award funding (P < .05). Further, of the 61 applicants between 2017 and 2022, only 2 PIs self-identified as female. ASERF serves as an excellent funding source for global aesthetic surgery. To promote further research diversification, increased emphasis should be placed on recruiting applicants from outside academia and those who identify as female or gender nonbinary.

Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) of the Craniofacial Skeleton, Part II: Translational Potential of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Defect Repair.

Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing and 3-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have revolutionized the approach to bone tissue engineering for the repair of craniomaxillofacial skeletal defects. Ample research has been performed to gain a fundamental understanding of the optimal 3D-printed scaffold design and composition to facilitate appropriate bone formation and healing. Benchtop and preclinical, small animal model testing of 3D-printed bioactive ceramic scaffolds augmented with pharmacological/biological agents have yielded promising results given their potential combined osteogenic and osteoinductive capacity. However, other factors must be evaluated before newly developed constructs may be considered analogous alternatives to the "gold standard" autologous graft for defect repair. More specifically, the 3D-printed bioactive ceramic scaffold's long-term safety profile, biocompatibility, and resorption kinetics must be studied. The ultimate goal is to successfully regenerate bone that is comparable in volume, density, histologic composition, and mechanical strength to that of native bone. In vivo studies of these newly developed bone tissue engineering in translational animal models continue to make strides toward addressing regulatory and clinically relevant topics. These include the use of skeletally immature animal models to address the challenges posed by craniomaxillofacial defect repair in pediatric patients. This manuscript reviews the most recent preclinical animal studies seeking to assess 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds for improved repair of critical-sized craniofacial bony defects.

Cryoanalgesia: Review with Respect to Peripheral Nerve.

BACKGROUND: Cryoanalgesia is a tool being used by interventional radiology to treat chronic pain. Within a certain cold temperature range, peripheral nerve function is interrupted and recovers, without neuroma formation. Cryoanalgesia has most often been applied to the intercostal nerve. Cryoanalgesia has applications to peripheral nerve surgery, yet is poorly understood by reconstructive microsurgeons. METHODS: Histopathology of nerve injury was reviewed to understand cold applied to peripheral nerve. Literature review was performed utilizing the PubMed and MEDLINE databases to identify comparative studies of the efficacy of intraoperative cryoanalgesia versus thoracic epidural anesthesia following thoracotomy. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact and analysis of variance tests. A similar approach was used for pudendal cryoanalgesia. RESULTS: Application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 16 comparative clinical studies of intercostal nerve for this review. For thoracotomy, nine studies compared cryoanalgesia with pharmaceutical analgesia, with seven demonstrating significant reduction in postoperative opioid use or postoperative acute pain scores. In these nine studies, there was no association between the number of nerves treated and the reduction in acute postoperative pain. One study compared cryoanalgesia with local anesthetic and demonstrated a significant reduction in acute pain with cryoanalgesia. Three studies compared cryoanalgesia with epidural analgesia and demonstrated no significant difference in postoperative pain or postoperative opioid use. Interventional radiology targets pudendal nerves using computed tomography imaging with positive outcomes for the patient with pain of pudendal nerve origin. CONCLUSION: Cryoanalgesia is a term used for the treatment of peripheral nerve problems that would benefit from a proverbial reset of peripheral nerve function. It does not ablate the nerve. Intraoperative cryoanalgesia to intercostal nerves is a safe and effective means of postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. For pudendal nerve injury, where an intrapelvic surgical approach may be difficult, cryoanalgesia may provide sufficient clinical relief, thereby preserving pudendal nerve function.

Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) of the Craniofacial Skeleton, Part I: Evolution and Optimization of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Repair of Defects.

Bone tissue regeneration is a complex process that proceeds along the well-established wound healing pathway of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Recently, tissue engineering efforts have focused on the application of biological and technological principles for the development of soft and hard tissue substitutes. Aim is directed towards boosting pathways of the healing process to restore form and function of tissue deficits. Continued development of synthetic scaffolds, cell therapies, and signaling biomolecules seeks to minimize the need for autografting. Despite being the current gold standard treatment, it is limited by donor sites' size and shape, as well as donor site morbidity. Since the advent of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and additive manufacturing (AM) techniques (3D printing), bioengineering has expanded markedly while continuing to present innovative approaches to oral and craniofacial skeletal reconstruction. Prime examples include customizable, high-strength, load bearing, bioactive ceramic scaffolds. Porous macro- and micro-architecture along with the surface topography of 3D printed scaffolds favors osteoconduction and vascular in-growth, as well as the incorporation of stem and/or other osteoprogenitor cells and growth factors. This includes platelet concentrates (PCs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and some pharmacological agents, such as dipyridamole (DIPY), an adenosine A 2A receptor indirect agonist that enhances osteogenic and osteoinductive capacity, thus improving bone formation. This two-part review commences by presenting current biological and engineering principles of bone regeneration utilized to produce 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds with the goal to create a viable alternative to autografts for craniofacial skeleton reconstruction. Part II comprehensively examines recent preclinical data to elucidate the potential clinical translation of such 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds.

Osteogenic differentiation and reconstruction of mandible defects using a novel resorbable membrane: An in vitro and in vivo experimental study.

To evaluate the cellular response of both an intact fish skin membrane and a porcine-derived collagen membrane and investigate the bone healing response of these membranes using a translational, preclinical, guided-bone regeneration (GBR) canine model. Two different naturally sourced membranes were evaluated in this study: (i) an intact fish skin membrane (Kerecis Oral®, Kerecis) and (ii) a porcine derived collagen (Mucograft®, Geistlich) membrane, positive control. For the in vitro experiments, human osteoprogenitor (hOP) cells were used to assess the cellular viability and proliferation at 24, 48, 72, and 168 h. ALPL, COL1A1, BMP2, and RUNX2 expression levels were analyzed by real-time PCR at 7 and 14 days. The preclinical component was designed to mimic a GBR model in canines (n = 12). The first step was the extraction of premolars (P1-P4) and the 1st molars bilaterally, thereby creating four three-wall box type defects per mandible (two per side). Each defect site was filled with bone grafting material, which was then covered with one of the two membranes (Kerecis Oral® or Mucograft®). The groups were nested within the mandibles of each subject and membranes randomly allocated among the defects to minimize potential site bias. Samples were harvested at 30-, 60-, and 90-days and subjected to computerized microtomography (µCT) for three-dimensional reconstruction to quantify bone formation and graft degradation, in addition to histological processing to qualitatively analyze bone regeneration. Neither the intact fish skin membrane nor porcine-based collagen membrane presented cytotoxic effects. An increase in cell proliferation rate was observed for both membranes, with the Kerecis Oral® outperforming the Mucograft® at the 48- and 168-hour time points. Kerecis Oral® yielded higher ALPL expression relative to Mucograft® at both 7- and 14-day points. Additionally, higher COL1A1 expression was observed for the Kerecis Oral® membrane after 7 days but no differences were detected at 14 days. The membranes yielded similar BMP2 and RUNX2 expression at 7 and 14 days. Volumetric reconstructions and histologic micrographs indicated gradual bone ingrowth along with the presence of particulate bone grafts bridging the defect walls for both Kerecis Oral® and Mucograft® membranes, which allowed for the reestablishment of the mandible shape after 90 days. New bone formation significantly increased from 30 to 60 days, and from 60 to 90 days in vivo, without significant differences between membranes. The amount of bovine grafting material (%) within the defects significantly decreased from 30 to 90 days. Collagen membranes led to an upregulation of cellular proliferation and adhesion along with increased expression of genes associated with bone healing, particularly the intact fish skin membrane. Despite an increase in the bone formation rate in the defect over time, there was no significant difference between the membranes.

Risk stratification of surgical-site outcomes by BMI and flap type in autologous breast reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Afflicting 2 million lives annually worldwide, breast cancer remains devastating. This study utilized a continuously updated network of electronic medical records (TriNetX Inc, Cambridge, MA) for analysis of 90-day postoperative outcomes of autologous breast reconstruction by increasing body mass index (BMI). METHODS: The deidentified electronic medical records (EMRs) of 29,453,000 females, age 18-99 years, were retrospectively screened from 45 healthcare organizations. A combined cohort of 7136 patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction via transverse rectus abdominus muscle (TRAM), deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), or latissimus flap was categorized by BMI into 5 subgroups: normal (n = 3568), overweight (n = 1239), class I (n = 1166), class II (n = 807), and class III (n = 356) obesity. The normal BMI cohort was then compared with each elevated BMI cohort. BMI strata were analyzed for risk of surgical-site occurrences within 90 days of surgery using CPT codes. Stringent propensity score matching was performed. RESULTS: For the combined group (N = 7136), significant linear increases in risk were observed with increasing BMI for infection (risk ratio [RR] 1.39-2.91,p < 0.05) and dehiscence (RR 2.65-5.17, p < 0.05). Similar linear increases were observed for the abdominally based group (N = 5454) for infection (RR 1.45-2.47, p < 0.05) and dehiscence (RR 2.54-4.77, p < 0.05). For DIEP (N = 4874), near-linear increases were observed for infection (RR 1.60-2.79, p < 0.05) and dehiscence (RR 1.57-5.59, p < 0.05). For TRAM (N = 714), significant increases were observed for seroma, infection, dehiscence, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), sepsis, and PE while increased risks of seroma, DVT, PE, and hernia were observed for latissimus (N = 1380). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of flap type, our analysis suggests that a BMI> 39.9 is the inflection point beyond which it may be beneficial not to perform autologous breast reconstruction. Limitations include this study's retrospective nature; thus, future prospective studies would be beneficial.

The impact of influenza vaccination on surgical outcomes in COVID-19 positive patients: An analysis of 43,580 patients.

BACKGROUND: Multiple recent studies suggest a possible protective effect of the influenza vaccine against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This effect has yet to be evaluated in surgical patients. This study utilizes a continuously updated federated electronic medical record (EMR) network (TriNetX, Cambridge, MA) to analyze the influence of the influenza vaccine against post-operative complications in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. METHODS: The de-identified records of 73,341,020 patients globally were retrospectively screened. Two balanced cohorts totaling 43,580 surgical patients were assessed from January 2020-January 2021. Cohort One received the influenza vaccine six months-two weeks prior to SARS-CoV-2-positive diagnosis, while Cohort Two did not. Post-operative complications within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of undergoing surgery were analyzed using common procedural terminology(CPT) codes. Outcomes were propensity score matched for characteristics including age, race, gender, diabetes, obesity, and smoking. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2-positive patients receiving the influenza vaccine experienced significantly decreased risks of sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, dehiscence, acute myocardial infarction, surgical site infections, and death across multiple time points(p<0.05, Bonferroni Correction p = 0.0011). Number needed to vaccinate (NNV) was calculated for all significant and nominally significant findings. CONCLUSION: Our analysis examines the potential protective effect of influenza vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-positive surgical patients. Limitations include this study's retrospective nature and reliance on accuracy of medical coding. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Do Plastic Surgery Residents Get Sued? An Analysis of Malpractice Lawsuits.

Trainees may be implicated in malpractice lawsuits. Our study examines malpractice cases involving plastic surgery trainees. Methods: Using the LexisNexis database, verdicts and settlements from appellate state and federal cases between February 1988 and 2020 were queried. A nonrepresentative sample of 300 cases was compiled. Results: During a 32-year period, 21 lawsuits involving plastic surgery trainees were identified. Of these, 14 (66.67%) involved claims when a trainee was directly named as a defendant. Eighteen (85.7%) cases were due to procedural-related adverse outcomes, while three (14.3%) cases were associated with clinical or diagnostic-related adverse outcomes. Of the procedure-related cases, five (27.8%) occurred when the trainee was the lead surgeon. Allegations included lack of informed consent of procedure complications (11, 52.4%), procedural error (11, 52.4%), failure to supervise trainee (11, 52.4%), inexperience of trainee (eight, 38.1%), incorrect diagnosis or treatment (five, 23.8%), delay in evaluation (three, 14.3%), lack of awareness of resident involvement (three, 14.3%), lack of follow-up (three, 14.3%), and prolonged operative time (one, 4.8%). Median time from injury to lawsuit resolution was 3.8 years [interquartile range (IQR), 3-5 years]. Verdicts were ruled in favor of the defense in eight (38.1%) cases and for plaintiff in six (28.6%) cases. A settlement was made in seven (33.3%) cases. Median payout for plaintiff-won cases was $5,100,000 (IQR, $1,530,000-$17,500,000); the median settlement was $2,500,000 (IQR, $262,500-$4,410,000). Conclusions: Procedural error, improper informed consent, improper trainee supervision, and resident inexperience were the most common allegations. These factors can lead to financial and psychological burdens early in a physician's career.

A characterization of home maintenance equipment-related hand and lower arm injuries.

Background: Thousands of Americans sustain injuries from various household appliances each year, though injury patterns have not been well characterized. We thus sought to determine the incidence, characteristics, and trends of household appliance-related hand injuries over the past decade. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database (NEISS) was queried from 2010 through 2019. Our analysis grouped patients into 10-year age groups. We defined types of appliances and injuries Chi-square tests were used to compare the most common injury mechanisms by age group. Results: Between 2010 and 2019, 30,336 total cases of home workshop equipment-related upper extremity injuries were recorded; 2,574 (8.48%) of these affected females, compared to 27,762 (91.52%) of the cases affecting males. Across all age groups, males were between 6 and 13 more times likely to be injured than females (p < 0.001). Between 2010 and 2019, we recorded a decline in total injuries from 168,795 to 147,584, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.68 (p = 0.031). The appliances most likely to injure those in their 10s through 40s were mechanical tools such as screwdrivers. Meanwhile, those in their 50s through 70s were most likely to be injured by saws. Both amputations and avulsions were found to significantly increase with age (p = 0.038, p = 0.027, respectively). Most injuries result from manual tools and saws. Discussion: Males are significantly more likely to incur injuries than females from maintenance equipment, and risk of avulsions and amputations increase significantly with age. This aligns with previous research which also suggested that older saws were most likely to injure older individuals; namely, following new regulations on saws, older adults were more likely to be affected. This is especially worrisome in light of recent research showing that older adults with amputations are less likely to be offered replantations. Overall, these results can continue to guide and optimize community interventions on an epidemiological basis.

The influence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on post-operative outcomes in microsurgery patients.

BACKGROUND: The healthcare industry's efforts to immunize the global community against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been unprecedented. Given the fast-tracking of the novel vaccine, its short- and long-term medical implications remain largely to-be-determined in most patient populations. This study aims to analyze 90-day post-operative outcomes in microsurgical patients, who have received or not received SARS-CoV-2-vaccination, using a continuously updated federated electronic medical record network (TriNetX Inc, Cambridge, MA). METHODS: After screening 70 million de-identified records, 16,799 microsurgery patients aged 18-99 meeting medical coding criteria were allocated into two cohorts. Cohort One received SARS-CoV-2-vaccination prior to undergoing microsurgery whereas Cohort Two did not. Two equally sized cohorts, totaling 818 patients were created after propensity score matching for characteristics including: age, race, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Postoperative outcomes within 30-, 60-, and 90-days of microsurgery were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients who were SARS-CoV-2-immunized experienced significantly lower (p < .01) surgical site infections (Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)[95%CI]) = (3.79%-5.36% [0.84-8.54]) ICU admission (9.47%-9.82%[5.45-13.88]), generalized infections (7.68%-9.92%[3.15-14.64]), and hospitalizations (28.48%-32.57%[20.99-40.13]) within 30-, 60-, and 90-days of microsurgery. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated patients also experienced significantly less flap failure (2.49%[0.97-4.02]) and death (2.46%[0.96-3.97]) within 30- and 60-days post-operatively. CONCLUSION: Our analysis examines the potential protective effect of SARS-CoV-2-vaccination in microsurgical patients. Limitations include the retrospective nature of this analysis and the inherent reliance on medical coding. Future prospective studies are warranted to better understand if in fact pre-operative SARS-CoV-2-vaccination has the potential to protect against post-operative microsurgery outcomes.

Play Ball: A 10-Year Comparative Analysis of Craniofacial Safety in Baseball and Softball.

INTRODUCTION: Within the United States, the number of players participating in baseball increased by nearly 21% to 15.9 million between 2014 and 2019. Additionally, batting helmets with face-masks are encouraged yet optional in youth baseball as well as college baseball and softball. in light of inconsistencies in safety equipment enforcement and usage, this study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the number and frequency of baseball and softball-related craniofacial injuries (CFis). METHODS: Data regarding baseball and softball-related injuries were gathered from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database from 2011 to 2020. Craniofacial injuries were isolated and organized into 5-year age groups beginning with 5 to 9 years and ending with 25 to 29 years of age. Data was further stratified by location and type of injury. Injury types specifically reported in this study included concussion, contusion, fracture, and laceration. RESULTS: Distribution of injuries across age groups differed significantly between baseball and softball ( P < 0.001). When comparing the 10 to 14 year old group to the 15 to 19 year old group, we found that concussions and head contusions comprise a significantly greater proportion of all injuries in softball than in baseball. Conversely, facial fractures, facial lacerations, and mouth lacerations comprise a significantly greater proportion ofinjuries in baseball than in softball. CONCLUSION: Future prospective studies aiming to better characterize the within-game nature of these reported CFIs would certainly be beneficial in guiding the baseball and softball communities toward consideration of implementing maximally efficacious updates to current safety equipment standards.

Examining the potential benefits of the influenza vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A retrospective cohort analysis of 74,754 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, several single center studies have suggested a protective effect of the influenza vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study utilizes a continuously updated Electronic Medical Record (EMR) network to assess the possible benefits of influenza vaccination mitigating critical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients from 56 healthcare organizations (HCOs). METHODS: The de-identified records of 73,346,583 patients were retrospectively screened. Two cohorts of 37,377 patients, having either received or not received influenza vaccination six months-two weeks prior to SARS-CoV-2 positive diagnosis, were created using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) and logical observation identifiers names and codes (LOINC) codes. Adverse outcomes within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were compared between cohorts. Outcomes were assessed with stringent propensity score matching including age, race, ethnicity, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, heart disease, and lifestyle habits such as smoking. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2-positive patients who received the influenza vaccine experienced decreased sepsis (p<0.01, Risk Ratio: 1.361-1.450, 95% CI:1.123-1.699, NNT:286) and stroke (p<0.02, RR: 1.451-1.580, 95% CI:1.075-2.034, NNT:625) across all time points. ICU admissions were lower in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients receiving the influenza vaccine at 30, 90, and 120 days (p<0.03, RR: 1.174-1.200, 95% CI:1.003-1.385, NNT:435), while approaching significance at 60 days (p = 0.0509, RR: 1.156, 95% CI:0.999-1.338). Patients who received the influenza vaccine experienced fewer DVTs 60-120 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis (p<0.02, RR:1.41-1.530, 95% CI:1.082-2.076, NNT:1000) and experienced fewer emergency department (ED) visits 90-120 days post SARS-CoV-2-positive diagnosis (p<0.01, RR:1.204-1.580, 95% CI: 1.050-1.476, NNT:176). CONCLUSION: Our analysis outlines the potential protective effect of influenza vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients against adverse outcomes within 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of a positive diagnosis. Significant findings favoring influenza vaccination mitigating the risks of sepsis, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), emergency department (ED) & Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions suggest a potential protective effect that could benefit populations without readily available access to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Thus further investigation with future prospective studies is warranted.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Peripheral Nerve Injury.

Patients who sustain peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are often left with debilitating sensory and motor loss. Presently, there is a lack of clinically available therapeutics that can be given as an adjunct to surgical repair to enhance the regenerative process. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) represents a promising therapeutic target to meet this need, given its well-described trophic and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons, Schwann cells (SCs), and myocytes. Here, we review the literature regarding the therapeutic potential of IGF-1 in PNI. We appraised the literature for the various approaches of IGF-1 administration with the aim of identifying which are the most promising in offering a pathway toward clinical application. We also sought to determine the optimal reported dosage ranges for the various delivery approaches that have been investigated.

Skating on Thin Ice: Craniofacial Injuries in Amateur Ice Hockey.

INTRODUCTION: Hockey is a sport of high speeds, projectiles, and slick surfaces. A scenario is ripe for craniofacial injuries. Annually, over 1 million Americans, with many more abroad participate in organized hockey. This number continues to grow at youth, amateur and professional levels. Following the characterization of groups with the highest incidence of hockey-related craniofacial injuries, our goal is to propose guidelines for the acute management of hockey-related craniofacial injuries in amateur settings. METHODS: This study follows a 10-year retrospective cohort design, examining hockey-related craniofacial injury data derived from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Within the NEISS data, patients were stratified by age, gender, and ethnicity to allow for analysis and comparison between groups. RESULTS: Sample data consisted of 2,544 hockey-related craniofacial injuries treated in US emergency departments between 2010 and 2019. Majority of the injuries included in this analysis involved patients within the 12-18-year-old age group (53.8%). Of the diagnoses, concussion was the most frequent hockey-related craniofacial injury (39.9%). Dental injuries represented the least (1%). In the 12 to 18 age group, the diagnoses concussion, fracture, and laceration differed significantly from the null hypothesis of equality of proportions across all injury types (P < 0.05). Similarly, within the 19 to 34 age group, the diagnoses of concussion, fracture, laceration, and internal injury differed significantly from the null hypothesis of assumed equality of proportion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of hockey-related craniofacial injury among patients 12 to 18 years of age signals a need for continued interventions targeted towards this age group. Increased sideline personnel training and education, as well as promoting a stricter adherence to established guidelines are integral parts of a greater strategy towards reducing injury incidence. Working towards reducing injuries and making participation in hockey safer, should be a goal as the sport continues to experience a historic rise in interest and participation.

Kick Start to an Epidemiological Report of Soccer-Related Craniofacial Trauma Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Soccer is a global sport played by millions annually with an increasing popularity in the United States. Game is played by a wide range of participants from all ages and levels of competition. This scenario leads to a potential disparity in the injury profile based on quantifiable demographics. As the game continues to grow, injury detection and side-line assessment must change as well. METHODS: Utilizing a national injury database, a retrospective cohort study was conducted using 10 years of data collected from randomly selected emergency departments across the United States. Patient demographics, injury sites, and diagnosis were recorded. Diagnoses examined included concussion, contusion or abrasion, dental injury, fracture, hematoma, hemorrhage, internal injury, and laceration. RESULTS: Highest percentage of craniofacial injuries was observed in soccer players between the ages of 12 and 18. In ages 6 to 11 the most common injuries were contusions and dental injuries, with a significantly low number of fractures. Within the age group of 12 to 18 the highest percentage of injuries was concussions. Finally, the highest percentage of injury in the ages of 19 to 34 were fractures and lacerations. DISCUSSION: There is a shift in injury profile as the age of soccer players increases and the level of play becomes faster-paced. In youth players, there is a higher percentage of soft tissue injury. Older players are more likely to suffer a higher degree of injury including fractures, concussions, and lacerations. This suggests a great utility for a layperson-friendly educational intervention initiative applicable to all demographics for the sport of soccer.

Rolling With the Punches: A National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database Study of Craniofacial Injuries in Boxing.

INTRODUCTION: Boxing is a popular combat sport in which competitors may sustain high impact blows to the face. For this reason, they are at high risk for craniofacial injuries; however, data on facial injuries specific to boxing remains sparse. Studies on safety measures, such as headgear, to prevent such injuries in boxing have been inconclusive. Boxing is popular with a wide audience. However, there is no consensus on safety measures across different populations involved in boxing due to lack of data. The objective of this study is to characterize the demography and incidence of injury types of patients presenting to emergency departments with boxing-related craniofacial injuries on a national scale in order to facilitate the establishment of evidence-based safety guidelines for prevention of boxing-related injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was searched for boxing-related craniofacial injuries from the last 10 years (2010-2019). Injuries involving boxing were isolated and organized into 5-year age groups. Information on demographics and injury type was extracted from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Statistical analysis was performed between different age and gender groups. RESULTS: A total of 749 boxing-related craniofacial injuries treated in US emergency departments between 2010 and 2019 were recorded. The 19 to 34-year-old age group had the highest number of cases (54%), followed by the 12 to 18-year-old age group (31%). The most common injury types within both of these age groups were concussions and lacerations. This difference was found to be significant when compared to other craniofacial injury types (P < 0.05). The majority of athletes in these age groups were male (93% and 91%, respectively). Analysis of sex differences demonstrated concussions were more common in females compared to other injury types, whereas lacerations in males were more common compared to other injury types; these differences were found to be significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of boxing-related craniofacial injuries such as concussions and lacerations incurred in young adults (19-34 years) and adolescents (12-18 years) indicate that protective measures such as community-based safety interventions and revised guidelines for protective equipment may be indicated in these groups to protect against craniofacial injuries such as lacerations and concussions. Further studies are required to develop algorithms for management of boxing-related craniofacial injuries and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of protective equipment such as boxing headgear on concussions.

Heads Up Play: Acute Assessment and Management of Basketball-Related Craniofacial Injuries by On-Court Personnel.

INTRODUCTION: With a following of over 825 million people, basketball currently ranks amongst the world's most popular sports. Despite a number of concussion awareness and player safety protocols that have been implemented at the professional level of organized play, a standardized, layperson-friendly algorithm for the acute management of basketball-related craniofacial injuries does not appear to presently exist. METHODS: This 10-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database to examine basketball-related craniofacial injuries from 2010 to 2019. Within the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System dataset, factors including patient age, gender, diagnosis, injury type, and injury location were included in our analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 22,529 basketball-related craniofacial injuries occurred between 2010 and 2019 in players ages 5 to 49 years old. Adolescent (12-18-year-old) and young adult (19-34-year-old) age groups had the highest incidence of craniofacial injuries. The adolescent cohort experienced a significantly greater proportion of concussions and lower proportion of both facial lacerations and fractures compared with the within group null hypothesis of equal proportions (P < 0.05). The young adult cohort experienced a significantly greater proportion of facial lacerations and fractures and lower proportion of concussions, contusions/abrasions, hematomas, and internal injuries compared to this cohort's null hypothesis (P < 0.05). Males experienced a significantly greater proportion of fractures, lacerations, and dental injuries and lower proportion of concussions, contusions/abrasions, and internal injuries compared to the hypothesized equality of proportions (P < 0.05). Females experienced a significantly greater proportion of concussions, contusions/abrasions, and internal injuries and lower proportion of fractures, lacerations, and dental injuries compared to the hypothesized equality of proportions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although several steps have already been taken at the professional level to try to promote player safety, particularly with concussion protocols and prevention of lower extremity injuries, there remains a paucity of resources to guide management of other types of acute craniofacial injury. The role of layperson-friendly educational interventions remains intriguing as a potential means of improving outcomes regardless of socioeconomic status or health literacy. Additional studies still need to be completed to determine efficacy and best future direction.

Defining the relative impact of muscle versus Schwann cell denervation on functional recovery after delayed nerve repair.

Functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury worsens with increasing durations of delay prior to repair. From the time of injury until re-innervation occurs, denervated muscle undergoes progressive atrophy that limits the extent to which motor function can be restored. Similarly, Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve lacking axonal interaction progressively lose their capacity to proliferate and support regenerating axons. The relative contributions of these processes to diminished functional recovery is unclear. We developed a novel rat model to isolate the effects of SC vs. muscle denervation on functional recovery. Four different groups underwent the following interventions for 12 weeks prior to nerve transfer: 1) muscle denervation; 2) SC denervation; 3) muscle + SC denervation (negative control); 4) no denervation (positive control). Functional recovery was measured weekly using the stimulated grip strength testing (SGST). Animals were sacrificed 13 weeks post nerve transfer. Retrograde labeling was used to assess the number of motor neurons that regenerated their axons. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate target muscle re-innervation and atrophy, and to assess the phenotype of the SC within the distal nerve segment. Functional recovery in the muscle denervation and SC denervation groups mirrored that of the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The SC denervation group achieved better functional recovery, with a greater number of reinnervated motor endplates and less muscle atrophy, than the muscle denervation group. Retrograde labeling suggested a higher number of neurons contributing to muscle reinnervation in the muscle denervation group as compared to SC denervation (p > 0.05). The distal nerve segment in the muscle denervation group had a greater proportion of SCs expressing the proliferation marker Ki67 as compared to the SC denervation group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the SC denervation group had a higher percentage of senescent SCs expressing p16 as compared to the muscle denervation group (p < 0.05). The deleterious effects of muscle denervation are more consequential than the effects of SC denervation on functional recovery. The effects of 12 weeks of SC denervation on functional outcome were negligible. Future studies are needed to determine whether longer periods of SC denervation negatively impact functional recovery.

Comparing Surgical Site Occurrences in 1 versus 2-stage Breast Reconstruction via Federated EMR Network.

TriNetX (TriNetX Inc., Cambridge, Mass.) is a federated electronic medical record network. The TriNetX system conducts customized search queries of over 36 million electronic medical records, and returns results in just minutes. To our group's knowledge, TriNetX has not been previously used in plastic surgery research. This study aimed to utilize a continuously updated federated network of 36,000,000 electronic medical records (TriNetX) for comparing 90-day postoperative outcomes between prosthetic breast reconstruction techniques. METHODS: Using TriNetX, we analyzed the records of approximately 36 million patients in 31 health care organizations. The de-identified records of 18,744,519 women (age 18-9) were retrospectively screened. A cohort of 4747 patients with a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the breast, any stage, having undergone mastectomy, and breast reconstruction with tissue expander was compared with a second cohort of 870 patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the breast, any stage, mastectomy, and immediate insertion of breast implant following mastectomy. Surgical site occurrences occurring within 90 days postoperatively were compared using propensity score matching. RESULTS: Propensity score matching resulted in 870 patients in both well-balanced cohorts. There were no statistically significant differences between the balanced cohorts with respect to 90-day surgical site occurrences. CONCLUSIONS: TriNetX enables data-driven clinical research such as retrospective cohort comparison. During the 90-day postoperative period, there were fewer complications noted in the single-stage cohort for all outcomes studied; although this comparison was not statistically significant, we believe it demonstrates a clinically significant finding that single-stage direct-to-implant is at least as safe as the more complicated 2-stage approach.

Safe at the Plate: Acute Assessment and Management of Baseball-Related Craniofacial Injuries by On-Field Personnel.

INTRODUCTION: Long regarded as "America's Past Time", over 8.6 million children partake in organized and recreational baseball. Although improved equipment has reduced contemporary injury rates, nearly half of pediatric baseball injuries requiring hospitalization are due to craniofacial trauma. Sideline personnel at the youth levels, often without advanced medical training, frequently act as first-responders in instances of acute craniofacial injury. METHODS: An IRB-approved survey was distributed nationally to target field personnel working at youth, high school, collegiate, and professional baseball levels. Survey items included: comfort in assessing subtypes of acute craniofacial trauma (loss of consciousness (LOC), skull injury, orbital injury, nasal injury, and dental injury) via Likert scale, years of medical training, presence of an emergency action plan (EAP), and access to higher level care from emergency medical services (EMS) or a nearby hospital. RESULTS: When comparing the amateur and professional cohorts, the respondents from professional teams were significantly more confident in assessing LOC (P = 0.001), skull injury (P < 0.001), orbital injury (P < 0.001), nasal injury (P < 0.001), and dental injury (P < 0.001). The professional teams had significantly more years of first aid training (P < 0.0001) and were significantly more likely to have an EAP (P < 0.0001). Professional teams also had a significantly higher average of reported craniofacial incidents (P = 0.0279). CONCLUSION: The authors identified a significant disparity in comfort level between amateur and professional baseball field personnel for identifying and managing acute craniofacial trauma. Based on these findings, the authors were able to develop a rudimentary tool for on-field personnel to effectively assess and manage craniofacial injuries.