Risk of antidepressant initiation among users of cardiovascular agents and metformin. Findings from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), Norway: Findings from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), Norway.

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are risk factors for depression, yet the relationship between the drug treatments for these diseases and the risk of antidepressant initiation remains unclear. This study aimed to examine possible associations between the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), beta-blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), diuretics, or metformin and risk of antidepressant initiation. The Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3), Norway, was linked to the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD). Participants with no prescriptions of cardiovascular agents, metformin, or antidepressants for at least 6 months before HUNT3 (baseline) were eligible and followed for 10 years. The exposure was the use of cardiovascular agents or metformin, defined as mono- or polytherapy from baseline to end of follow-up. The outcome was the initiation of antidepressant use, indicated by the first drug dispensation during the study period and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among 20 227 adults aged 40-70 years at baseline, we observed different associations between cardiovascular agents or metformin and the risk of antidepressant initiation. ARBs or CCB monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of initiating antidepressant use (HR 0.70; 95%CI 0.56-0.88 and HR 0.81; 95%CI 0.61-1.06, respectively) compared to no use of any drugs included in the study (reference). Reduced risk of antidepressant initiation was among ASA or statin polytherapy users, whereas there was a small increased risk among participants on ASA monotherapy. In contrast, there was no statistical evidence of associations between ACEI, BB, diuretics, or metformin and increased or decreased risk of antidepressant initiation. Our mixed findings indicate the possibility that some cardiovascular agents may be associated with a reduced risk of initiating antidepressant use while others may not. However, bias due to the limitations of the study design is possible.

Associations of Cardiovascular Agents and Metformin with Depression Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the HUNT Study, Norway.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid, statins, and metformin, have demonstrated benefits for depression. However, there is scant evaluation of these drugs' antidepressant properties in large population settings. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine cross-sectional associations between depression symptoms and the use of cardiovascular agents and metformin in populations with cardiovascular diseases or diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Participants in the Trøndelag Health Study 2006-08 (HUNT3, n = 40,516) and 2017-19 (HUNT4, n = 42,103) were included and data on their drug use from 2006 to 2019 was retrieved from the Norwegian Prescription Database. The outcome was self-reported depression symptoms defined by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Associations between cardiovascular agents or metformin use and self-reported depression were analyzed by multi-level logistic regression in sex-stratified samples. RESULTS: Among men with cardiovascular diseases, use of acetylsalicylic acid was associated with reduced depression symptoms compared with acetylsalicylic acid non-users (reference) in HUNT3 and HUNT4 [risk ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.59-0.94, risk ratio = 0.67; 95% CI 0.52-0.82, respectively]. Similarly, male statin users had a lower likelihood of reporting depression than statin non-users in HUNT3 (risk ratio = 0.70; 95% confidence interval 0.54-0.86) and HUNT4 (risk ratio = 0.67; 95% confidence interval 0.51-0.84). Associations between statins or acetylsalicylic acid use and reduced depression symptoms were detected in women with cardiovascular diseases in HUNT4. We found no statistical support for associations between other cardiovascular agents or metformin use and a reduced or increased depression symptom risk. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest negative associations between acetylsalicylic acid or statin use and depression symptoms. However, longitudinal cohort studies and randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the antidepressant effects of these drugs.

Older Adults Living in Sheltered Housing's Experiences of Involvement in Pro Re Nata Decisions. A Narrative Positioning Analysis.

Decisions regarding pro re nata medications might be challenging due to the complex nature of the practice. The aim of this study was to expand our understanding of the experiences of older people living in sheltered housings with regard to shared decision-making concerning pro re nata medications. In this study, we conducted in-depth interviews with residents living in Norwegian sheltered housings. The analysis was inductive, based on a narrative positioning analysis. Twelve residents were interviewed, and three narratives representing participants' variation are presented. People take different positions in shared decision-making of pro re nata medication, and they position themselves variously at different levels and situations. Prevailing master narratives affect the residents' positions in shared decision-making. Contrasts in older adults' experiences indicate that shared decision-making is not straightforward and is highly reliant on the context. Seemingly, they wish to be involved and not involved at the same time, a contradiction that healthcare providers need to consider.

Psychological Distress and Use of Psychotropic Drugs Among University Students-the SHoT Study, Norway.

Background: Students pursuing higher education are struggling with psychological distress, which in turn may negatively affect their academic self-efficacy and study progress. Although psychotropic drug use is widespread and increasing, patterns of psychotropic drug use among students are not well-known. Aim: To describe prevalence and gender differences in psychotropic drug use among Norwegian students in higher education, and to examine associations with level of psychological distress. Methods: The study is based on data from the Norwegian Student's Health and Well-being Study (SHoT), 2018, a national survey including all fulltime students aged 18-35 years in higher education. Our sample included 49,836 students, 69% females. Use of psychotropic drugs and psychological distress (The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist [HSCL-25]) were self-reported. Generalised linear models were used to assess associations between psychological distress and psychotropic drug use. Results: Psychotropic drug use was more frequent among female than male students: 4 vs. 2% daily antidepressants usage; 5 vs. 3% last month use of anxiolytics/tranquillisers; and 8 vs. 5% last month use of hypnotics. In contrast, male students reported use of performance enhancing drugs more often than females (7 vs. 5%). Adjusted associations between high level of psychological distress (HSCL-25 ≥ 2.0) and use of psychotropics, showed an about 2-fold increased relative risk, largely consequent across drug classes and genders. Conclusion: Prevalence and gender patterns of intake of the most common psychotropic drug classes among Norwegian students are comparable to previous studies. Unexpectedly, among students with moderate to severe psychological distress, the patterns of psychotropic drug use were more or less identical between genders.

Prevalence trends of depression and anxiety symptoms in adults with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes 1995-2019: The HUNT studies, Norway.

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common in adults with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The literature on depression and anxiety in CVDs and DM populations is extensive; however, studies examining these relationships over time, directly compared to adults without these conditions, are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate trends in depression and anxiety symptom prevalence over more than 20 years in adults with CVDs and DM compared to the general population. METHODS: We used data from the population-based Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, including adults (≥ 20 years) from three waves; the HUNT2 (1995-97; n = 65,228), HUNT3 (2006-08; n = 50,800) and HUNT4 (2017-19; n = 56,042). Depressive and anxiety symptom prevalence was measured independently by the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions scale (HADS) in sex-stratified samples. We analyzed associations of these common psychological symptoms with CVDs and DM over time using multi-level random-effects models, accounting for repeated measurements and individual variation. RESULTS: Overall, the CVDs groups reported higher levels of depression than those free of CVDs in all waves of the study. Further, depressive and anxiety symptom prevalence in adults with and without CVDs and DM declined from HUNT2 to HUNT4, whereas women reported more anxiety than men. Positive associations of depression and anxiety symptoms with CVDs and DM in HUNT2 declined over time. However, associations of CVDs with depression symptoms remained over time in men. Moreover, in women, DM was associated with increased depression symptom risk in HUNT2 and HUNT4. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and anxiety symptoms are frequent in adults with CVDs. Further, our time trend analysis indicates that anxiety and depression are differentially related to CVDs and DM and sex. This study highlights the importance of awareness and management of psychological symptoms in CVDs and DM populations.

Experiences and perceptions of foreign-language customers on medication information received in the pharmacy - a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: In pharmacies, communication is essential for providing information about medicine and counselling customers on the correct use of medications. Previous studies have described pharmacists experiencing language and cultural barriers in communication with foreign-language (FL) customers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore FL customer experiences and perceptions of medication information received in the pharmacy. METHODS: A qualitative method was used, including interviews in five focus groups. Study participants (N = 18) spoke Arabic or Kurdish but lived in Norway and had the experience of purchasing medicine over the counter and/or prescription medicines in a Norwegian pharmacy. A descriptive thematic content analysis was conducted. KEY FINDINGS: Overall, the FL customers were satisfied with the pharmacy service. However, they were divided in their views of the pharmacy role, which could affect how they received medication information. Communication barriers were prominent, and FL customers related language and cultural barriers to negative health outcomes. Their preferences on medication information were not met. Several communication facilitators that could support medication information were mentioned: simplified prescription labels, written information, pictograms, mobile apps, interpretators and bilingual staff. CONCLUSIONS: The FL pharmacy customers' experience of communication barriers and unfulfilled needs for medical information can be a threat to patient safety. To overcome the barriers and ensure the correct use of medicines, health-care personnel in pharmacies must apply an array of communication aids, adapted to the diversity in language, culture and health literacy in the heterogenous population.

'To give or not to give medication, that is the question.' Healthcare personnel's perceptions of factors affecting pro re nata medication in sheltered housing for older adults - a focus-group interview study.

BACKGROUND: Residents living in sheltered housing depend on help from healthcare personnel (HCP) with medication management, regarding regular long-term and pro re nata (PRN) medication. The HCP assess the need for PRN medication prior to administration to the residents. The purpose of this study was to describe HCP's perceptions of factors affecting PRN medication management in sheltered housing for older adults. METHOD: This was a qualitative study with five focus-group interviews with 22 HCP working in sheltered housing for older adults. The HCP were heterogenous regarding scholarly education and experiences, working in four different municipalities in mid-Norway, representing urban, sub-urban and rural districts. The analysis was inductive, based on qualitative, manifest, content analysis. The main outcome was HCP perceptions of the factors affecting PRN medication management in sheltered housing. RESULTS: Four main factors affecting the PRN medication management were identified in the data and were related to either: 1) the medication; 2) the resident; 3) the HCP; or 4) the organisation. These categories included 14 subcategories. Overall, the HCP described the management of PRN medication as a complex process, where the above factors all have impact on the residents' health and safety. CONCLUSION: HCP working in sheltered housing describe that PRN medication management is affected by numerous human factors, that consequently may affect patient outcomes and safety. HCP involved in PRN medication management should be aware of factors that affect their decision-making, and safe management requires a professional practice built on medicines competence, practical skills and experience.

Impact of pictograms on medication adherence: A systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the potential effect of pictograms on patient adherence to medication therapies. METHOD: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL were searched for relevant articles. Experimental studies testing the use of pictograms in patient counselling regarding medication therapy, which quantitatively measured adherence, were included. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were identified that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. These were heterogeneous with respect to study setting, population size, and the medication regimen tested. All the studies had methodological quality limitations. The pictogram interventions differed with respect to complexity, intervention length, and the measured adherence outcome. Ten studies (58.8 %) reported a statistically significant effect, of the pictogram intervention in question, on patient adherence to medication therapies. Of these, 80 % involved populations at elevated risk for non-adherence. CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Pictograms used in combination with written and/or oral information can have a positive impact on patient populations that are highly at risk for non-adherence when counselled on the proper use of medicines.

PRN Medicines Management for Psychotropic Medicines in Long-Term Care Settings: A Systematic Review.

Many medications are prescribed and administered PRN (pro re nata, as needed). However, there are few integrative reviews to inform PRN psychotropic medication use in long-term care facilities and nursing or care homes. Accordingly, this integrative systematic review aimed to improve our understanding of PRN medicines management with a focus on psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, sedatives, anxiolytics, and hypnotics) in long-term care settings. Keywords relating to PRN in English, Norwegian, and Spanish were used, and articles published between 2009 and 2019 were retrieved. Based on the inclusion criteria, eight articles were used for data analysis and synthesis. This review offers a description of PRN prescription and administration of psychotropic medications in long-term care. Variations were observed in the management of PRN psychotropic medications based on residents' underlying health conditions and needs, duration of use, and changes between medications and doses. Neither the reasons for PRN prescription and administration nor the steps taken to identify and manage any associated adverse reactions or adverse drug events were reported. Further initiatives are needed to improve PRN medicines management to explore factors that affect PRN prescription and administration and to develop appropriate PRN guidelines to prevent harm and improve the safety of people living in long-term care facilities.

Adverse Drug Reactions in Norway: A Systematic Review.

Prescription medicines aim to relieve patients' suffering but they can be associated with adverse side effects or adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADRs are an important cause of hospital admissions and a financial burden on healthcare systems across the globe. There is little integrative and collective knowledge on ADR reporting and monitoring in the Norwegian healthcare system. Accordingly, this systematic review aims to investigate the current trends in ADR reporting, monitoring, and handling in the Norwegian healthcare system and describe related interventions. Appropriate keywords, with regard to ADRs in both English and Norwegian languages, were used to retrieve articles published from 2010 to 2019. Six articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings offer a comprehensive picture of ADR reporting and monitoring in the Norwegian healthcare system. Psychotropic medicines were most commonly implicated by patients, while professionals most commonly reported ADRs associated with anticoagulants. The current ADR systems were compiled with the involvement of both patients and healthcare providers to record all types of drugs and ADRs of various severities, and aimed at improving ADR tracking. However, there is a need to improve current initiatives in terms of feedback and quality, and more studies are needed to explore how ADR profiles, and the associated vigilance, can improve the safety of medicines management in Norway.

PCR-based plasmid typing in Enterococcus faecium strains reveals widely distributed pRE25-, pRUM-, pIP501- and pHTbeta-related replicons associated with glycopeptide resistance and stabilizing toxin-antitoxin systems.

A PCR-based typing scheme was applied to identify plasmids in an epidemiologically and geographically diverse strain collection of Enterococcus faecium (n=93). Replicon types of pRE25 (n=56), pRUM (n=41), pIP501 (n=17) and pHTbeta (n=14) were observed in 83% of the strains, while pS86, pCF10, pAM373, pMBB1 or pEF418 were not detected. Furthermore, 61% of the strains contained the axe-txe (n=42) or/and the omega-epsilon-zeta (n=18) plasmid stabilization loci. Sequence analyses divided the omega-epsilon-zeta operon into two distinct phylogenetic groups. The present typing scheme accounted for about 60% of the total number of plasmids detected by S1 nuclease analyses, which revealed zero to seven plasmids (10 kb to >200 kb) per isolate. Interestingly, strains belonging to the clinically important clonal complex 17 (CC17) yielded a significantly higher number of plasmids (3.1) and pRUM replicons (74%) than non-CC17 strains (2.2% and 35%, respectively). A prevalent genetic linkage between the pRUM-replicon type and axe-txe was demonstrated by cohybridization analyses. The vanA resistance determinant was associated with all four replicon types, but we also confirmed the genetic linkage of vanA to unknown transferable replicons. PCR-based replicon typing, linked to the detection of other important plasmid-encoded traits, seems to be a feasible tool for tracing disseminating resistance plasmids stably maintained in various environments.