[THE SYSTEM OF XENOBIOTICS BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HELMINTHS. RESEMBLANCE AND DIFFERENSES FROM SIMILAR HOST SYSTEMS (REWEW)].

The three phases system xenobiotic biotransformation in cells as prokaryotes as eukaryotes was formed during the process of evolution. Clear and managed function of all three links of this system guarantee the survival of living organisms at alteration of chemical component of environment. Oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis of xenobiotics realize in phase I by insertion or opening reactive and hydrophilic groups in structure of drug molecule. In phase II xenobiotics or their metabolites from phase I conjugate with endogenic compounds, main of there are glutathione, glucuronic acid, amino acids and sulphates. Active transport of substrata, metabolites and conjugates through cell lipid membranes special transport proteins carry out (phase III). The system of xenobiotics biotransformation of helminths has essential differences from the same of vertebrate hosts. In particular, parasites do not reveal the activity of prime oxidases of phase I, such as CYP or FMO, in spite of the genes of these enzymes in DNA. As this phenomenon displays mainly in adult helminths, living in guts of vertebrates, then the hypothesis was formulated that this effect is related with adaptation to conditions of strong deficiency of oxygen, arise in a process of evolution (Kotze et al., 2006). Literature data testify the existence in helminths of unique forms of enzymes of phase II, the investigation of which present doubtless interest in relation with possible role in adaptation to parasitic mode of life. Notwithstanding that many of helminths GST in greater or lesser degree similar with enzymes of M, P, S and О classes of other organisms, nevertheless they have essential structural differences as compared with enzymes of hosts that makes perspective the search of specific anthelminthics vaccines. Transport of xenobiotics is now considered phase III of biotransformation. It was shown that proteins of this phase (ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC ) of parasites) play a key role in efflux of lipophilic xenobiotics, hydrophilic metabolites and conjugates and take part in forming of anthelminthics resistance. Some of these transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), are important for drug resistance of helminths. In particular, a correlation between the level of expression of Pgp and resistance of S. mansoni and F. hepatica to widely used anthelminthics as praziquantel and triclabendazol exist.

[BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF BLUE MUSSELS MYTILUS EDULIS L. FROM THE WHITE SEA TO RAPID TEMPERATURE CHANGES].

The effect of a rapid temperature change on the biochemical status of blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. from the White Sea was studied under conditions of aquarium experiment. It is shown that modifications of the composition of reserve and structural lipids and their fatty acids, of the activity of lysosomal enzymes (ß-glucosidases, cathepsins B and D), of calcium-dependent proteases of cytocol (calpains) and of the enzyme of the second phase of biotransformation of xenobiotics - glutathione-S-transferase, reflect an unspecific compensatory reaction of bivalves to stress action of environmental factors and indicate reconstruction of blue mussel metabolism as early as within first hours of temperature change. The initial high level of glutathione-S-transferase activity in control blue mussels as well as an increase of glutathione concentration in the course of experiment may facilitate successful exit of mussels from the state of reduced metabolism.

[Irreversible chemical AFM-fishing for the detection of low-copied proteins].

The atomic-force microscopy-based method of irreversible chemical AFM-fishing (AFM-IF(Ch)) has been developed for the detection of proteins at ultra-low concentrations in solution. Using this method, a very low concentration of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) protein (10(-17) M) was detected in solution. A theoretical model that allows the description of obtained experimental data, is proposed. This model takes into consideration both the transport of the protein from the bulk solution onto the AFM-chip surface and its irreversible binding to the activated area.

[Glutathione S-transferase of alpha class from pike liver].

In this study, glutathione S-transferase (GST) was isolated from the liver of pike Esox lucius, which was homogenous according to SDS-PAGE and isoelectrofocusing. It is a homodimer with subunits mass 25235.36 Da (according to HPLC-MS/MS) and pI about 6.4. Substrate specificity, thermostability, some kinetic characteristics and optimum pH were determined. The enzyme was identified as Alpha class GST.

[Biochemical characterization of aeromonad strains differing in pathogenicity]. / Biokhimicheskaia kharakteristika raznykh po patogennosti shtammov aéromonad.

A virulent strain of motile aeromonad (77-18) and an avirulent strain (78-16) differed in the contents of lipids and phospholipids, odd fatty acids, activity of hydrolytic enzymes, and amount of proteins with molecular weights of 47-56 kDa. It is assumed that proteins with molecular weights of 47-56 kDa, proteolytic enzymes active within a wide pH range, and odd fatty acids may act as pathogenicity factors. Each of these compounds or their combination determines certain stage of infection.

[Lipids of microorganisms from the family Vibrionaceae causing diseases in fishes]. / Lipidy mikroorganizmov sem.Vibrionaceae--vozbuditelei zabolevanii ryb.

Lipid fractional and fatty acid compositions of microorganisms from the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio (the family Vibrionaceae), causing diseases of different fish species, were studied. Motile aeromonads and vibrios displayed higher relative contents of membrane lipids and oleic acid and lower relative contents of storage lipids compared with immotile aeromonads and pseudomonads, which is connected with the activities of their movements. Immotile aeromonads and vibrios exhibited higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher absolute phospholipid contents compared to motile aeromonads and pseudomonads. This is likely to be related to host specificity of these bacteria and reflects the specific patterns of fatty acid compositions of the infected fish (salmonid and cyprinid) tissues.

[Cytoplasmic protein vaccine against bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia (aeromonosis) of fish]. / Tsitoplazmaticheskaia belkovaia vaktsina protiv bakterial'noi gemorragicheskoi septitsii (aeromonoz) ryb.

Water-soluble proteins from Aeromonas sobria, a causative agent of bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia of fishes, were separated into six fractions by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Injections of fraction II (67 kDa) provided the highest protection of carps against the disease. Injections of proteins contained in fraction II caused stronger effects on certain biochemical parameters in the fish liver (fatty acids of phospholipids and cathepsin B and D activities) in comparison to infections of the live culture.

[Comparative study of various biochemical parameters in pathogenic and nonpathogenic Aeromonas strains]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie nekotorykh biokhimicheskikh pokazatelei u patogennogo i nepatogennogo shtammov aéromonad.

We studied certain biochemical properties of virulent and avirulent strains of mobile aeromonads. The pathogenic strain featured a higher proportion of odd fatty acids in the lipids, increased protease activity, and a high concentration of 55 kDa protein. We propose that these compounds be used as pathogenic markers of these microorganisms.

[The effect of host temperature on the fatty acid composition of the total and membrane lipids in the cestodes Eubothrium crassum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum]. / Vliianie temperatury khoziaina na zhirnokislotnyi sostav obshchikh i membrannykh lipidov tsestod Eubothrium crassum i Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.

A comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fatty acid composition of total and lysosome membrane lipids of two cestode species Eubothrium crassum (from cold-blooded host) and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (from warm-blooded host) has been carried out. It is shown that quantitative ratio of the fatty acids in the total and membranous lipids of the helminth of cold-blooded host was very similar whereas for the helminth of warm-blooded host fatty acid composition of membranous lipids was considerably more saturated compared with the one of total lipids. It is assumed that the high level of unsaturation of total lipids from D. dendriticum is associated with preadaptation mechanism of fatty acid spectra in parasites with the development coupled with a consecutive rapid change of different thermal regime habitats.

[Activity of lysosomal proteinases in carb tissue in aeromonas infection]. / Aktivnost' proteinaz lizosom v tkaniakh karpa pri aéromonoze.

The activity of major lysosomal proteinases (cathepsins B and D) increased in carp tissues infested with Aeromonas hydrophila. The value and character of changes in the activity of cathepsins depended on the degree of infestation and the physiological state of fishes (normally fed or starved).

[Cestode lysosomes]. / Lizosomy tsestod.

By differential centrifugation method a lysosomal fraction was obtained from five species of cestodes, which possesses the highest specific activity of acidic phosphatases as compared to other subcellular fractions. By isopyknic centrifugation in the density gradient of saccharose the lysosomal fraction is divided into primary and secondary lysosomes. Lysosomes of cestodes are similar to those of vertebrate animals in the character of fractional distribution of acidic phosphatase, sedimentation abilities and sensitivity of membranes to triton X-100.

[Fatty acid composition of the helminths of cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates]. / Zhirnokislotnyi sostav nekotorykh ge'mintov kholodnokrovnykh i teplokrovnykh pozvonochnykh.

Studies have been made on fatty acid composition of 5 species of parasitic helminthes from fish, birds and mammals. As compared to the lipids from helminthes of endothermic animals (Diphylobothrium dendriticum and Toxascaris leonina), those from fish parasites (Eubothrium crassum, Triaenophorus nodulosus and Metechynorhynchus salmonis) are less saturated and contain higher amounts of penta- and hexaenic acids, acids of omega 3 type, being less rich in the content of stearic, oleic, dienic and omega 6 acids. It is concluded that the formation of fatty acid composition in helminthes is controlled not only by the feeding pattern of the host, but also by the temperature of the latter.

[Fatty acid makeup of the cestodes, Eubothrium crassum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum]. / Zhirnokislotnyi sostav tsestod Eubothrium crassum i Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.

The fat-acidic composition of E. crassum and D. dendriticum was investigated. Lipids of E. crassum differ in greater unsaturation as compared to these of D. dendriticum as well as in greater amount of acids of type omega 3, whereas acids of type omega 6 and stearic acid were found in extracts of E. crassum in less quantity than in D. dendriticum. This phenomenon is characteristic of organisms living under conditions of low temperatures.