Birth order is associated with caries development in young children: a register-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Birth order has been shown to affect the health of the child; less is known, however, about how birth order affects caries development in children. Thus, the present study investigated the association between birth order and dental caries development in young children. METHODS: This retrospective registry-based cohort study included all children born in 2000-2003 who were residing in Stockholm County, Sweden, at age 3 years (n = 83,147). The study followed the cohort until subjects reached 7 years of age. Children with registry data on dental examinations and sociodemographic characteristics at ages 3- and 7 years constituted the final study cohort (n = 65,259). The outcome variable was "caries increment from age 3- to 7 years" (Δdeft > 0) and the key exposure, "birth order", was divided into five groups. A forward stepwise logistic binary regression was done for the multivariate analysis with adjustments for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: At age 3 years, 94% had no fillings or manifest caries lesions. During the study period, 22.5% (n = 14,711) developed dental caries. The final logistic regression analysis found a statistically significant positive association between birth order and caries increment. Further, excess risk increased with higher birth order; with the mother's first-born child as reference, risk for the second-born child was OR 1.17, 95% CI = 1.12-1.23; for the third-born child, OR 1.47, 95% CI = 1.38-1.56; for the fourth-born child, OR 1.69, 95% CI = 1.52-1.88; and for the fifth-born or higher birth-order child, OR 1.84, 95% CI = 1.58-2.14. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that birth order influences caries development in siblings, suggesting that birth order can be regarded as a predictor for caries development in young children. This factor may be helpful in assessing caries risk in preschool children and should be considered in caries prevention work in young children with older siblings.

The synergic relationship of social anxiety, depressive symptoms and waist circumference in adolescents: Mediation analysis.

BACKGROUND: It is not well established whether depression leads to weight loss or weight gain, or whether a relationship exists among depression, social anxiety, and weight status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergic association among social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and waist circumference (WC) during adolescence and examine whether depression mediated the relationship between social anxiety and WC. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 1296 adolescents from a northeastern district in Brazil. It was used the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) to evaluate symptoms of social anxiety and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) for symptoms of depression. Structural equation modeling was used to determine whether depression, social anxiety, and WC were synergically associated. Analysis was adjusted for sex, age, height, and mother's educational level. RESULTS: Symptoms of social anxiety were directly associated with symptoms of depression and WC, whereas symptoms of depression were not associated with WC. LIMITATIONS: This is a cross-sectional study, and so we cannot infer causality in the interpretation of results. CONCLUSION: Social anxiety was found to be associated with depressive symptoms and WC. General medical doctors and health practitioners who observe overweight adolescents with any symptoms of anxiety might consider a thorough evaluation of the patient's mental health.

Socioeconomic Determinants, Maternal Health, and Caries in Young Children.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal health during pregnancy plays a part in child health, and several conditions have been associated with adverse child outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To determine the socioeconomic determinants and maternal health factors associated with dental caries in young children. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is part of a register-based cohort study including all children who were born from 2000 to 2003 and were residing in Stockholm County, Sweden, at age 3 y (n = 73,658). The study followed the cohort until individuals were 7 y old. The final study cohort comprised all children examined at 3 and 7 y (n = 65,259). Data on socioeconomic conditions, maternal health, and maternal health behavior were extracted from Swedish national registries. The multivariate analyses used 2 outcomes: caries experience at age 3 and 7 y (deft > 0 [decayed, extracted, and filled teeth]). RESULTS: The results of this study show that socioeconomic and maternal health behaviors during pregnancy are important determinants of oral health in their preschool offspring. When all significant risk factors were present, the cumulative probability of being diagnosed with dental caries at age 7 y was 75%. CONCLUSION: This study also showed that maternal obesity and smoking during pregnancy were predictors of dental caries in preschool children. Strategies must be developed for increasing maternal motivation and self-efficacy and providing mothers with knowledge and caries-preventive tools. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The results of this study inform clinicians about the importance of including a more detailed history regarding maternal health and maternal health behaviors during pregnancy to assess caries risk in preschool children. Education, income, and other socioeconomic factors are difficult to modify in the short term. Therefore, strategies must be developed to increase parental motivation and self-efficacy to give parents the determination, knowledge, and tools for prevention.

Factors associated with dental anxiety in Brazilian children during the first transitional period of the mixed dentition.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of dental anxiety in children during the first transitional period of the mixed dentition and associated factors. METHODS: A Cross-sectional study was performed with 1367 children of both genders aged 6-7 years old conducted in schools in Recife, Brazil in 2013. The data were collected through interviews and intra-oral examinations. Dental anxiety data were obtained using the dental anxiety questionnaire (DAQ). The associated factors considered were: age, gender, social group, child's experience with the dentist, history of dental pain, experience of caries and phase of exfoliation. RESULTS: The prevalence of children with some level of dental anxiety was 54.4%. Visit to the dentist and social group were associated with dental anxiety (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental anxiety was high, although children attending private schools and those who had visited the dentist before had a lower prevalence of dental anxiety.

Anxiety related to dental care in children and adolescents in a low-income Brazilian community.

AIM: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of anxiety related to dental care and analyse associated factors in children and adolescents in a low-income community in Recife, Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 101 children and adolescents from both genders, aged from 6 to 16 years. METHODS: The dependent variable, anxiety related to dental care, was obtained by the dental anxiety questionnaire (DAQ). The independent variables were: the previous experience, the pain history and DMFT-dmft. STATISTICS: Chi square test was performed to analyse the associations. In the multivariate analysis, binary logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: The probability of females in the sample experiencing anxiety was 3.1 times higher compared to males (OR 3.1 [1.3-7.2]). Children and adolescents who had never visited a dentist showed a level of anxiety 5.6 times higher than those who did (OR 5.6 [1.3-22.7]). CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety related to the dental care presented a prevalence of 36.6 % in a population aged 6-16 years. Females in this group, as well as subjects who had never been to the dentist were more likely to present anxiety.

Efeito da centrifugação e do líquido prostático homólogo na criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos / Effect of centrifugation and homologous prostatic fluid on canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreservation

Realizaram-se dois experimentos de crio preservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos, investigando-se o efeito da centrifugação e da adição do líquido prostático sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide pós-descongelação. No experimento I, foi testado o efeito da centrifugação. As amostras congeladas sem centrifugação apresentaram pós-descongelação: motilidade total (MT) de 26,7±21,2 por cento, motilidade progressiva (MP) de 21,2±20,1 por cento e vigor espermático (V) de 2,2±1,3, e as congeladas após a centrifugação: MT de 23,9±17,9 por cento, MP de 20,6±17,4 por cento e V de 2,2±1,0. No teste de termorresistência, o período médio de duração com MT mínima de 10 por cento foi de 165±21,2 minutos sem centrifugação e de 77,5±63,6 minutos para as centrifugadas, indicando maior longevidade espermática das amostras não centrifugadas. No experimento II, foi avaliado o efeito da adição de líquido prostático homólogo no meio diluidor. As amostras congeladas sem líquido prostático no meio diluidor apresentaram MT de 13,3±13,1 por cento, MP de 10,9±11,4 por cento e V de 2,1±1,2, e as congeladas com líquido prostático MT de 14,1±12,6 por cento, MP de 12,2±11,6 por cento e V de 2,2±1,3. Os resultados sugerem que a centrifugação e a adição de 10 por cento de líquido prostático ao diluidor não tiveram efeito sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide epididimário canino pós-descongelamento.

The effect of centrifugation and the prostatic fluid addition were evaluated on the physical characteristics of the cryopreserved canine epydidimal spermatozoa. In the first experiment, the effect of centrifugation was analysed. The samples without centrifugation showed 26.7±21.2 percent of total motility (TM), 21.2±20.1 percent of progressive motility (PM), and 2.2±1.3 of intensity of movement (I). In addition, the samples after centrifugation showed 23.9±17.9 percent of TM, 20.6±17.4 percent of PM, and 2.2±1 of I. The mean time of samples duration, at least with 10 percent of total motility, was 165±21.2min without centrifugation and 77.5±63.6min with centrifugation during the thermal resistance test. It suggests a better spermatic longevity in samples without centrifugation. In the second experiment, the effect of the prostatic fluid addition was evaluated. The samples cryopreserved without prostatic fluid showed 13.3±13.1 percent, 10.9±11.4 percent, and 2.1±1.2 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. Furthermore, the samples with prostatic fluid showed 14.1±12.6 percent, 12.2±11.6 percent, and 2.2±1.3 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. These data support that centrifugation and 10 percent of prostatic fluid addition does not induce any effect on the physical characteristics of canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreserved.

Penile straightening with crural graft of the corpus cavernosum.

PURPOSE: We present a surgical alternative to penile straightening in Peyronie's disease that avoids penile shortening by using tissue from the crural segment of the corpora cavernosa as a graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 7 patients with stable Peyronie's disease and satisfactory penile rigidity but significant curvature that precluded intercourse with this technique. An incision is made in the fibrous area and after stretching the gap is covered with a graft removed from the crural segment of the corpora cavernosa. RESULTS: In 6 of the 7 men straightening was satisfactory but in 1 it was not complete. No patient reported worse penile rigidity postoperatively. Donor site healing was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: Use of tissue from the corpus cavernosum to correct penile curvature is effective. However, our results are preliminary, and long-term effectiveness and safety must be confirmed in a larger number of cases.

[Insulin and disaccharidases levels of the small intestine of the rat (author's transl)]. / Insulina e níveis das dissacaridases do intestino delgado do rato.

It was taken 32 male Wistar rats, weighting between 130 g and 150 g, free feeding, to study the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of small intestine of rats. The animals were divided by chance in 3 experimental and 1 control group. 1. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats: treated with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day: after the 4th day of aloxane administration, all rats were killed. 2. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats--treated for 5 days with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day; after the 5th day until the 7th they were treated with 4 units of NPH insulin and were also killed. 3. group--Hyperinsulinism rats--Normal rats were treated for 4 days with 4 units of NPH insulin every day. After the 5th day they were killed. 4. group--Control group--Normal rats, free feeding. They were observed during 4 days and were also killed. The results showed that none difference was observed in the 4 groups of rats about the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of the small intestine. In this study, all the animals with aloxanic diabetes were treated with insulin. Then, it is possible that the insulin inhibited the stimulator effect of the diabetes upon the dissacaridases of the small intestine of the rats.