The healing effects of moderate exercise on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in male rats.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of moderate exercise on the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in male rats. Background: Gastric ulcers include benign mucosal and submucosal lesions of the gastric wall. Exercise regulates a wide range of physiological processes. Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=16 per group) as follows: control, which was left untreated after causing stomach ulcers; experimental group 1, the rats were first exercised and then received acetic acid; experimental group 2, the rats received acetic acid, and then exercised. The ulcer was caused by injecting 0.12 ml of a 60% acetic acid solution after 24 hours of not eating. The rats had a period of moderate treadmill activity either before or after the development of ulcers, lasting for a duration of 30 days. On the seventh and fourteenth days after the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, their stomach was removed, and the wound healing parameters, and wound depth were determined. Results: Exercise before and after inducing gastric ulcers significantly decreased the depth of gastric ulcers in the experimental groups. The average number of PMN in the control group decreased in comparison to the seventh and fourteenth days following the experiment. Conversely, the number of fibroblasts, epithelialization, and new vessels increased. It seems that exercise before the appearance of ulcers has a greater effect on gastric ulcers compared to exercise after inducing gastric ulcers. Conclusion: Exercise can prepare the gastric mucosa for forthcoming injuries, and heal gastric ulcers. Moderate aerobic exercise has significant restorative effects on gastric ulcers caused by acetic acid and is recommended.

Apigenin attenuates serum concentrations of TNF-a, interleukin 1b and interleukin 6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rats.

Objective: The use of flavonoids is increasing due to their cost-effectiveness and less adverse reaction. Therefore, the effect of apigenin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation was investigated by measuring IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a, of serum in the male rats. Materials and Methods: Ninety male wistar rats were divided in 6 groups included; control, sham, dexamethasone 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), and apigenin (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg, i.p). Thirty minutes after the administration of solvent or apigenin, LPS (30 µg/kg, i.p) was injected. At time intervals of 4, 12 and 24 hr after injection, blood samples were taken and the concentrations of TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared to the control, apigenin (5 mg/kg) decreased the level of TNF-a, and IL-1b in a period of 24 hr (p<0.05). The concentration of IL-6 decreased significantly by apigenin (15 mg/kg) 24 hr after injection (p<0.05). Apigenin (30 mg/kg) decreased the level of TNF-a, at all three time points (4 hr; p<0.05, 12 hr; p<0.01, and 24 hr; p<0.01), and the level of IL-1b (p<0.01), 24 hr and the level of IL-6 at 4 hr (p<0.05), and 24 hr (p<0.01) after LPS injection. Conclusion: Apigenin can suppress serum inflammatory cytokines, similar to dexamethasone.

The effect of topical 0.5% humic acid gel on male rats with skin ulcer.

Background: Humic derivatives have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: This study aimed to assess the experimental wound-healing effect of 0.5% humic acid gel. Materials and Methods: A full-thickness skin wound was created on the dorsal side of 24 Sprague Dawley male rats (220-250 g). The animals were then randomly divided into the control, sham, and experimental groups. Skin wounds were bandaged daily using sterile gauze dipped in normal saline, carboxymethylcellulose, and 0.5% humic acid for 21 days. The wound-healing rate was evaluated grossly and histologically at various time intervals post-injury. Results: Wound-healing percentage was significantly higher in the gel treatment group at all time points (P < 0.05). The mean number of inflammatory cells was significantly lower in the humic acid gel group than in the other groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, the number of new vascular cells and fibroblasts were significantly increased in the humic acid gel compared to the control (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data confirmed that 0.5% humic acid gel accelerates wound healing, probably by anti-inflammatory effects, as well as by promoting vascular and fibroblast proliferation. Therefore, the humic acid gel may be used to improve wound care.

The effect of combining humic and fulvic acids poultice on wound healing in male rats.

Background: Finding new compounds to accelerate wound healing is critical today. Humic substances or fulvic acid each have anti-inflammatory properties. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of poultice 0.5% containing humic and fulvic acids on wound healing in male rats. Materials and Methods: An animal model was arranged by making a full-thickness skin wound was created in each rat. Animals were randomly divided into control, sham, and treatment groups. To investigate the effect of humic and fulvic acids combining poultice, the wound area and histological analyses of the number of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis were evaluated for 21 days. Results: The animals in the treated group showed higher wound healing percentage, angiogenesis, and fibroblast distribution compared with the control (P < 0.001). Moreover, the topical administration of humic and fulvic acids 0.5% poultice decreased the mean number of inflammatory cells significantly than the other groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The topical administration of a poultice containing humic and fulvic acid accelerated wound healing by increasing angiogenesis and fibroblast and reducing inflammatory cell distribution in a rat model.

Blockage of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter cannabinoid 1 receptor increases dental pulp pain and pain-related subsequent learning and memory deficits in rats.

Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling has a pivotal role in the modulation of both pain and cognitive responses. This study aims at investigating the role of CB1R in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) on both pulpal pain and pain-related subsequent changes in learning and memory performances in rats. The adult male Wistar rats were cannulated in the vlPAG. The rats were pretreated by intra-vlPAG administration of selective CB1R antagonist AM-251 (2, 4 and 8 µg/rat) and vehicle dimethylsulfoxide. The drugs were microinjected 20 min before the induction of capsaicin-induced pulpalgia. The nociceptive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. Then, passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory were assessed using the shuttle box and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Following the administration of intradental capsaicin, there was a significant nociceptive response that increased after an induced blockage of CB1R by AM-251 at 4 and 8 µg. In addition, capsaicin impaired passive avoidance and spatial memory performance of rats. Microinjection of AM-251, prior to capsaicin, could dose-dependently exaggerate capsaicin-related learning and memory deficits in both tests. The present data indicated that the vlPAG endocannabinoid system is involved in the modulation of pain signals from dental pulp. It was also accompanied by learning and memory impairments.

Royal jelly accelerates healing of acetate induced gastric ulcers in male rats.

AIM: This study examined the healing potential of royal jelly on the acetic acid induced wounds healing in male rat's gastric mucosa. BACKGROUND: Scientific reports suggest that, bee products can help in the wounds healing. METHODS: 96 adult male Wistar rats were divided into in 4 groups as follows: control, omeprazole 20 mg/kg, and royal jelly 50 and 200 mg/kg). Wound was induced in stomach mucosa of each rat with 100% acetic acid. Samples groups received omeprazole or royal jelly from 1st to 14th day after acetic ulcer induction. Gastric ulcer healing and histopathological parameters were evaluated on 4, 7, 10, 15th days after ulceration. Both descriptive and statistical analyses were used. P <0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The royal jelly administration significantly reduced the depth of lesion in comparison with the control group (p<0.05) and attuned histopathological changes in the treatment groups. The largest healing effect was demonstrated with royal jelly on 10th treatment day, at a higher concentration (200 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: These findings supported that royal jelly had effectively contributed to the wound healing, valid gastroprotective activity, and can be used for peptic ulcer therapy.

Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tanacetum Sonbolii (Asteraceae) on Pain-related Behaviors during Formalin Test in Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Tanacetum sonbolii (Asteraceae) is an endemic species in Iran. In the present study, we examined the effects of Tanacetum sonbolii hydroalcoholic extract on the formalin test in mice. METHODS: 126 Swiss albino mice weighing 230-280g were used as subjects. The formalin test was performed on two control groups (marked as intact and saline groups; n = 6 in each group) and an experimental group. In all groups, the formalin test was recorded for 60 min after administration of extract and drugs in mice. RESULTS: The results showed that Tanacetum sonbolii (150 and 300 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception in phase 2. In addition, different doses of Tanacetum sonbolii extract (600, 900 and 1200 mg/kg) also induced antinociceptive effects in phase1 and phase 2. On the other hand, morphine could induce antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) failed to affect the pain scores compared to Tanacetum sonbolii (300 mg/kg) group. DISCUSSION: It seems that administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Tanacetum sonbolii has the potential to relieve pain through both central and peripheral mechanisms in persistent inflammatory nociception.

Orexin receptor type-1 antagonist SB-334867 decreases morphine-induced antinociceptive effect in formalin test.

Orexin-A and orexin-B are two neuropeptides selectively synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), a region involved in morphine induced analgesia and pain modulation. Furthermore, orexin-A has been reported to produce an analgesic effect in pain models, which was blocked by orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867, but not naloxone. We studied the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of SB-334867, a selective orexin receptor type-1 antagonist, on morphine-induced antinociceptive effect in formalin test in rats. Morphine injection at a dose of 1.5mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 1, interphase, and phase 2A, whereas at doses of 3, 6, and 10mg/kg, a significant reduction in the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors was observed in all phases. The ICV injection of SB-334867 alone had no effect on the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. Pre-treatment with SB-334867 at a dose of 0.5 nmol significantly attenuated the analgesia induced by morphine (at dose 1.5mg/kg of morphine; interphase and phase 2B and at dose 3mg/kg of morphine just phase 2B of formalin test). Also, pre-treatment with SB-334867 at a dose of 5 nmol considerably attenuated the morphine-induced analgesia (at dose 1.5mg/kg of morphine; phase 1, interphase, and phase 2, at dose 3 and 6 mg/kg of morphine just phase 2 of formalin test). Pre-treatment with SB-334867 at a dose of 50 nmol remarkably attenuated the morphine-induced analgesia (at dose 1.5 and 3mg/kg of morphine; in phase 1, interphase, and phase 2 and also at dose 6 mg/kg of morphine; phase 1 and phase 2B of formalin test). These data suggest that the antinociceptive effects of morphine in formalin test might be associated with orexin receptor type-1. Our findings reveal a new role for the lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in the morphine-induced analgesia.