[Treatment of patients with burns in surgical clinics of Leningrad hospitals in 1920-1930s]. / Lechenie bol'nykh s ozhogami v khirurgicheskikh klinikakh meditsinskikh institutov Leningrada v 1920­1930-kh godakh.

OBJECTIVE: To reconstruct the events of early period of Soviet school of combustiology (1920-1930s) via analysis and systematization of clinical and experimental studies devoted to burns and performed in the Leningrad medical institutes in 1920-1930s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed various reports by employees of the Leningrad medical institutes devoted to practice and theory of burn treatment within the above-mentioned historical period. RESULTS: Analysis of Soviet and foreign reports for 1920-1930s made it possible to systematize data on the treatment of burns in the Leningrad medical institutes for the period from the mid-1920s to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. We presented experimental data on local and general processes following burn injuries. CONCLUSION: We discovered and introduced into scientific circulation some reports of Leningrad scientists on clinical and theoretical aspects of burn injuries which fell out of the field of view of modern researchers for various reasons. These data emphasize diverse work carried out by the staff of surgical and theoretical departments regarding the treatment of burn injuries.

[The inhibitors of angiogenesis in therapy of diabetic macular edema: the modern experience and perspectives of application on the Russian Federation].

The article presents and analyzes functional results of intravitreal application of two angiogenesis inhibitors of Ranibizumab and Aflibercept in treatment of diabetic macular edema. The positive results were obtained after triple administration of preparation with monthly intervals.

On a Possible Way to Increase the Efficiency of Photosynthesis.

The paper briefly describes the evolution of the key enzyme of photosynthesis, RuBisCO. Before the emergence of the reaction of carbon dioxide assimilation via photosynthesis, this protein was involved in the methionine metabolism chain. Possibly, for this reason, the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by enzyme proceeds very slowly. In addition to carboxylation, RuBisCO can simultaneously oxidize ribulose bisphosphate, a substrate to which the fixed CO2 is attached. This, in turn, also reduces the effectiveness of photosynthesis. In this regard, the literature discusses various options for increasing plant productivity by creating new forms of RuBisCO or fundamentally different pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation. In this work, we propose a modification of the carboxylation reaction that makes it possible to avoid photorespiration and thus increase the efficiency of photosynthesis.

[Predicting the probability of development and progression of primary open angle glaucoma by regression modeling]. / Prognozirovanie veroiatnosti razvitiia i progressirovaniia pervichnoi otkrytougol'noi glaukomy metodom regressionnogo modelirovaniia.

Prediction of the clinical course of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the main directions in solving the problem of vision loss prevention and stabilization of the pathological process. Simple statistical methods of correlation analysis show the extent of each risk factor's impact, but do not indicate the total impact of these factors in personalized combinations. The relationships between the risk factors is subject to correlation and regression analysis. The regression equation represents the dependence of the mathematical expectation of the resulting sign on the combination of factor signs. PURPOSE: To develop a technique for predicting the probability of development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma based on a personalized combination of risk factors by linear multivariate regression analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 66 patients (23 female and 43 male; 132 eyes) with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma. The control group consisted of 14 patients (8 male and 6 female). Standard ophthalmic examination was supplemented with biochemical study of lacrimal fluid. Concentration of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tear fluid in both eyes was determined using 'sandwich' enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: The study resulted in the development of regression equations and step-by-step multivariate logistic models that can help calculate the risk of development and progression of POAG. Those models are based on expert evaluation of clinical and instrumental indicators of hydrodynamic disturbances (coefficient of outflow ease - C, volume of intraocular fluid secretion - F, fluctuation of intraocular pressure), as well as personalized morphometric parameters of the retina (central retinal thickness in the macular area) and concentration of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the tear film. CONCLUSION: The newly developed regression equations are highly informative and can be a reliable tool for studying of the influence vector and assessment of pathogenic potential of the independent risk factors in specific personalized combinations.

[CFH gene polymorphism in primary open-angle glaucoma patients]. / Otsenka polimorfizma gena CFH u bol'nykh c pervichnoi otkrytougol'noi glaukomoi.

AIM: to study the CFH T402H polymorphism in glaucoma patients and controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genetic analysis was performed in 68 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) of various severity. The control group consisted of 30 participants. Venous whole blood samples were obtained. From them, leukocytes were isolated and human genomic DNA extracted for further PCR. RESULTS: None of the patients from either group was homozygous for the 402H allele. With ganglion cells death (i.e. at later stages of the disease), the percentage of homozygotes that carry no CFH polymorphism increases up to 65%, while that of heterozygotes decreases down to 35%. CONCLUSION: As shown, most of early and advanced POAG patients are heterozygotes. At these stages of the disease own ganglion cells are very likely to be damaged. Further progression, however, is associated with a gradual decrease in heterozygotes (down to 35%) due to a substantial loss of neuroepithelial cells and suppression of the autoimmune response which has lost its target.

[Burn injuries in pregnant women: prevalence, structure, outcomes].

Bum injuries in pregnant women: prevalence, structure, outcomes. Determining the optimal treatment strategy and the subsequent treatment of pregnant women with burns require the collaborative work of doctors of various specialties with relevant experience and high qualification. There are no so many researches on this issue, and most of them is written in the second half of the last century. In this regard, the authors compiled and analysed available on the considered issues of data presented in the foreign literature from 1958 to the present.

[PIECETIME BURNS. SOURCES OF DANGER].

We analysed 54 foreign publications concerning sources of danger of thermal injuries inflicted in pieacetime. The negative effect of alcohol consumption is emphasised. Special attention is given to the necessity of safety measures when makingfire by people engaging in leisure activities and to the cases of chemical burns resulting from aggressive attacks of third persons. Certain authors report marked cicatrical deformities developing after skin restoration. A variety of sources of danger necessitates the development and introduction of effective of socio-legislative normatives designed to reduce the occurrence of thermal injuries.

[THE HISTORY OF SKIN GRAFTING. I--XIX CENTURIES].

The history of skin grafting from the beginning of the Common Era to the XIX centuy is analysed with reference to the contribution made by diferent scientists who performed a search (first intuitive, then theoretically substantiated) for the methods to correct soft tissue defects in different parts of the human body).

[THE HISTORY OF SKIN GRAFTING, ANCIENT TIMES AND CIVILIZATIONS. THE FIRST MENTIONS].

The article dials with the history of medicine practiced by the first civilizations. The facts of discovery and analysis of ancient medical treatises by modern researchers are reported. Special emphasis is laid on the achievements of medical practitioners in Ancient Egypt and India that promoted the development of operative treatment including skin grafting.

[Comparative sequence analysis of the LEA gene fragment in Pinus sibirica du tour and Pinus pumila (Pallas) regel].

A comparative sequence analysis of the LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA)-like gene) intron fragment was performed in Pinus sibirica and P. pumila differing in geographic origin. It was demonstrated that in P. sibirica this fragment was represented by two types of PCR products, 224 and 202 bp in size. Similarly, in accessions of P. pumila, two PCR products of 224 and 159 bp in size were identified. Comparison of 224 bp fragments in P. sibirica and P. pumila showed that they differed in single nucleotide substitutions. Analysis of the intron fragment in a plant, which was characterized as an interspecific hybrid based on morphological characters, showed that it had fragments of 224 and 159 bp in size. The sequence of 224 bp fragment was similar to that of the corresponding fragment in P. sibirica. The structure of the short fragment was the same as the structure of the corresponding fragment in P. pumila. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the use of the sequences examined for species taxonomic classification and of an analysis of species hybridization.

[The availability and quality of the ambulatory polyclinic care].

The article deals with the results of the study of complex of medical demographic and social economic indicators of Nizhny Novgorod oblast during 1989-2010. The results are as follows. The policlinics' net reduced by 2.25 times, including by 10.6 times in rural area and by 12.6 times of ambulatories of community hospitals. The indicators of physicians' supply of oblast population decreased too especially in urban area. The annual number of visits to physicians per capita decreased by 1.36 times. The number of calls of out-patients to physicians of emergency medical care increased by 1.5 times. The morbidity with temporarily disability and primary registration as a disabled person decreased by 1.45 times, including able-bodied citizen by 1.54 times. In Nizhny Novgorod oblast, the rate of decrease of indicators of primary disability during 2006-2009 overpassed the corresponding federal indicators by 1.45 times. The population mortality increased by 1.43 times. The accessibility and quality of ambulatory polyclinic care significantly impacts on the levels of mortality and social security of population and can be used as an indicator of social risks in the region.

[Chromosome control of apomixis in maize-gamagrass hybrids].

The results of long-term studies on the transmission of the mode of asexual reproduction through seeds to maize from gamagrass, a closely related wild plant, performed in the Laboratory of Plant Cytology and Apomixis are summarized. The first apomictic hybrids between Zea mays and Tripsacum dactyloides were obtained in this laboratory more than 40 years ago and have been maintained until the present time. Cytogenetic studies on the hybrids have shown that at least nine chromosomes of the wild parent are necessary for the expression of asexual reproduction through seeds. In addition, the genes controlling two elements of apomixis (apomeiosis and parthenogenesis) have been found to be inherited independently from each other.

[Microbiological diagnosis of gas gangrene caused by Clostridium septicum (a clinical case)].

Microscopy of gram-stained impression smears is used for the rapid diagnosis of microorganisms in the wound. The shin tissues of patient P. with suspected gas gangrene of lower extremity soft tissues were microscopically found to have gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that were morphologically similar to C. bifermentans that were identified as C. septicum on cultural diagnosis. The pathogenic C. septicum strain spores were likely to be formed in the macroorganism upon exposure of the pathogen to a patient's defense factors and to a package of therapeutic measures. Microbiological data should be used only in combination with clinical and instrumental findings and the results of other laboratory studies when the optimal technology is chosen to treat gas infection. By keeping in mind that there may be clostridial gangrene in the patients and the experience of clinicians and bacteriologists may be insufficient in diagnosing this pathology, it is necessary to strengthen the training of physicians in the diagnosis of this pathology.

[The role of medical social expertise in the social protection of disabled patients].

The dynamics of disability level in the Nijegorodskaya oblast was analyzed. The decrease of number of patients admitted as disabled for the first time and its causes was revealed. The drastic decreasing of number of patients examined in 2007 brings to consider the existence of expertise barriers in outpatient and polyclinic institutions which make the expert care less accessible. The share of persons accepted as the disabled in the total number of examined decreases too. The adequate rehabilitation services net in the oblast factually don't exist. Artificial decreasing of disability rate always leads to the decrease of social protection of patients and to the increase of mortality rate in population.

[Pharmacokinetic and dosimetric characteristics of new radiopharmaceutical based on complexes of 103Pd and albumin microspheres].

Results of the study of absorbed dose formed in organs and tissues of mice after administration of new therapeutic radiopharmaceutical on the base of 103Pd and albumin microspheres (MSA) are presented. Pharmacokinetic parameters of preparation distribution in the body of animals were experimentally determined and then absorbed doses were calculated using MCNP code for the developed mathematical model of mouse. It was shown that absorption of 103Pd-MSA in tumor, physical properties of 103Pd and daughter radionuclide 103mRh provide a targeted irradiation of tumor as compared with the adjusting tissues and critical organs. In administration to tumor muscle tissue of the leg of experimental animals after 15 days following the injection of 103Pd-MSA the accumulated absorbed dose was 15 times less than corresponding one in tumor. In a critical organ (kidneys) the accumulated absorbed dose was 20 times less than in tumor. The work performed as a stage of pre-clinical testing of the radiopharmaceutical.

[Mechanisms of detoxification efficiency of new enterosorbent in combined radiation pathology].

Studies with rats and white mice demonstrated that combined radiation injury (CRI) comes to reducing protease activity in small intestine tissues. In liver tissue the activity of cathepsine D increased under the action of new enterosorbent--clay of Kaluga deposit ("CKD"). In blood serum of the damaged animals the amount of histogenic toxins--middle mass molecules (MMM) and oligopeptides decreased after "CKD" administration. An effective fixation and withdrawal of bacteria from the bowl of the affected animals took place. The survival level of mice in 30 days after CRI comprised 20% as compared with 60% in the case of "CK D" administration. It is supposed that the increase of survival after "CKD" administration is the result of enhancement of macrophage detoxification in liver, determined on the increase of activity of cathepsine D (lysosomal protease), elimination of MMM and normalization of gut microflora.

[Imprinting in plants].

This review discusses the modern issues in epigenetic regulation in plants related to the imprinting at the levels of genome, locus, and gene. The data described follow the historical order: from the beginning of research into non-crossability of plant forms with different ploidies to the recent communications about allelic imprinting at r1 locus of maize and the control of synthesis of storage proteins with a high forage value. The classical experiments of Kermicle and Lin on the cytogenetic confirmation of the role of parental genome ratio in the endosperm in a successful development of viable caryopses are described in detail. Uniqueness of the experimental technique used by these authors is emphasized. The variants for overcoming the effect of imprinted signal in apomicts and plants with a tetrasporic embryo sac are considered. A considerable attention is paid to the imprinting in the species with polyploid series and to the hypothesis of endosperm balance number. The issues of potential practical application of imprinting in breeding practice are discussed. The results obtained in this direction demonstrate the ways to increase the forage value of maize zeins.

[Structure of hospital lethality in polytrauma and ways to reduce it].

Case histories of 276 patients and autopsy protocols for patients who had died of polytrauma in 2002-2003 were analyzed. It was found that hospital polytrauma lethality is characterized by two peaks: within the first 24 hours after trauma (34.3% of the victims) and on day 4 and later after polytrauma (53.2%). Acute blood loss and shock are the cause of early lethality. In the period from 1 to 3 days after trauma the main causes of death are edema and dislocation of the brain in patients with dominating craniocerebral injury. Late mortality (on day 4 and later) is associated with infectious complications. The overall lethality after polytrauma decreased from 26-30% to 18.5-18.9% for the recent 10 years due to shortening of presurgical period, "cell-saver" use, improvement of anesthetic and intensive care management, mini-invasive osteosynthesis, timely prevention and treatment of brain edema, preventive use of last generation antibiotics and immune correction.