[Antioxidant status of blood plasma of acutely psychotic patients and its correlation with Nrf2 activation]. / Antioksidantnyi status plazmy krovi patsientov s ostrym psikhozom i ego svyaz' s aktivatsiei transkriptsionnogo faktora Nrf2.

OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between the blood plasma antioxidant profile and the transcriptional activity of the Nrf2 gene in acute psychosis in patients with schizophrenia and alcoholism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients with the first episode of the paranoid form of schizophrenia, 33 patients with schizophrenic psychosis who had previously received therapy, 22 patients with first-time acute alcohol psychosis, and 25 healthy volunteers. The level of Nrf2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was estimated by flow cytometry, and the antioxidant profile of blood plasma was estimated with chemiluminometry. RESULTS: The total and «thiol¼ antioxidant capacity were reduced in patients with initially diagnosed schizophrenic psychosis and alcoholic psychosis. In patients after treatment, the total antioxidant capacity was higher compared to previously untreated patients. The level of Nrf2 protein in mononuclear cells in patients with the first psychotic episode was significantly lower than in patients with alcoholism and lower than in the control group. In patients with alcoholic psychosis, Nrf2 level was correlated with both the total antioxidant capacity due to uric acid and the «thiol¼ antioxidant capacity; in patients with psychosis in schizophrenia, Nrf2 level was correlated only with the «thiol¼ antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between the total and «thiol¼ antioxidant capacity and the level of Nrf2 in mononuclear cells of patients with alcohol delirium indicates the undamaged state of the regulation. The absence of a correlation between the total antioxidant capacity and the level of Nrf2 in patients with schizophrenia indicates a disturbance of the activation of the Nrf2 pathway due to, possibly, a part associated with the participation of uric acid.

[Antioxidant status in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease]. / Antioksidantnyi status pri paranoidnoi shizofrenii i bolezni Al'tsgeimera.

OBJECTIVE: To study the antioxidant profile of blood plasma in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 18 patients with AD were included in the study. Patients with schizophrenia were stratified into two subgroups by response to therapy. The indicators of the antioxidant profile were determined using methods based on chemiluminometry and spectrofluorimetry. RESULTS: Systemic oxidative stress due to insufficiency of low molecular weight plasma antioxidants is not determined neither in AD nor in treatment resistant schizophrenia. At the same time, a «thiol¼ oxidative stress, which indirectly indicates a deficiency of the glutathione system, is present in both groups. In patients with paranoid schizophrenia responsive to treatment, systemic oxidative stress is more pronounced and «thiol¼ oxidative stress is less significant. Among the antipsychotics studied, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol, risperidone and ziprasidone do not exhibit antioxidant properties, but periciazine, clozapine and especially chlorpromazine exhibit strong antioxidant properties, but they unlikely affect the antioxidant potential of blood plasma. CONCLUSIONS: The glutathione part of the antioxidant system is mostly affected, but systemic oxidative stress is not significant in patients with treatment resistant paranoid schizophrenia and AD. Oxidative disorders are more pronounced in treatment responsive paranoid schizophrenia.

[The functional activity of neutrophils in paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease]. / Funktsional'naya aktivnost' neitrofilov pri paranoidnoi shizofrenii i bolezni Al'tsgeimera.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the radical-producing function of neutrophils in paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 22 with Alzheimer's disease. To assess the functional activity of neutrophils, whole blood samples were analyzed using the chemiluminescent method with two-step cell stimulation. Indicators of radical-producing activity of neutrophils in patients were compared to those in age-matched healthy people. RESULTS: The quantitative indicators of radical-producing activity of neutrophils in the paranoid schizophrenia group and in the Alzheimer's disease group correspond to reference intervals of healthy donors, however almost one third of patients with paranoid schizophrenia had an altered shape of the chemiluminescent curve. CONCLUSION: The neutrophil immune response might be involved in the pathogenesis of paranoid schizophrenia only in some cases.

[Biogenic amines and cyclic nucleotides in the laser therapy of long-term nonhealing stomach ulcers]. / Biogennye aminy i tsiklicheskie nukleotidy pri lazeroterapii dlitel'no ne zazhivaiushchikh iazv zheludka.

A study is presented of the effect of copper vapors laser therapy on the content of biogenic amines--serotonin and histamine and the state of adenylcyclase (AC) system (content of cAMP, cGMP and AC activity) at the edge of the gastric ulcer. Direct effect of laser radiation (single dose 10--15 J.) produced a significant increase of serotonin, histamine, cAMP, AC activity and an insignificant increase of cGMP. Healing of the ulcerative defect after 5--6 laser therapy sessions was followed by a reduction of the content of serotonin, increase of histamine, cAMP and AC activity. The authors discuss the biostimulating effect of laser radiation by influencing the inflammatory-proliferative processes in the epitheliocytes in prolonged nonhealing gastric ulcers.

[The content of biologically active substances in the margin of a stomach ulcer being treated with a copper-vapor laser]. / Soderzhanie biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv v krae iazvy zheludka pri lechenii lazerom na parakh medi.

A study was made of the effect of laser therapy on the content of she biologically active substances serotonin, histamine, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha as well as on the adenylate cyclase system--adenylate cyclase activity and cGMP content. Direct exposure to laser produced an appreciable increase of the content of serotonin and histamine, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, cAMP and of adenylate cyclase activity. On the healing of ulcerous defect after 5-6 sessions of laser therapy a decrease of the content of serotonin, a rise of histamine, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, cAMP accumulation and adenylate cyclase activation were recorded.

[The effect of laser therapy on the mechanisms for generating healing in long-term nonhealing stomach ulcers]. / Vliianie lazeroterapii na nekotorye mekhanizmy sanogeneza dlitel'no nezazhivaiushchikh iazv zheludka.

A study was made of the effect of copper laser therapy on the content of PGE and PGF2 alpha and on the adenylate cyclase system (cAMP, cGMP and adenylate cyclase content) in patients with gastric ulcer. Seventy patients with indolent (from 3 months to 2 years) gastric ulcers were examined. The patients were assigned into 2 groups: group I received drug therapy combined with the influence of laser on copper vapours on the ulcerous surface (a single radiation dose 10 to 15 J). As compared to group I, the patients of group II manifested a considerable rise of the content of cAMP and prostaglandins, as well as adenylate cyclase activation in the gastric mucosa. Nonspecific biostimulating action of laser radiation exercised via the influence on the dysregenerative processes in the epitheliocytes of long nonhealing ulcer edges is under discussion.

[Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium homeostasis in rats treated with hydrocortisone]. / Vliianie 1,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola i 24,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola na gomeostaz kal'tsiia u krys, poluchaiushchikh gidrokortizon.

Physiological dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.03 microgram) normalized the phosphorus-calcium metabolism and improved the state of bone tissue in rats treated with hydrocortisone. An increased dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.15 microgram) caused hyperphosphatemia and augmented osteoporotic alterations in the hydrocortisone-treated animals. 24,25(OH)2D3 at a dose of 0.3 mg did not exhibit any positive effect on phosphorus-calcium metabolism and on the state of bone tissue in rats with exogenous hypercorticoidism. At the same time, high doses of 24,25(OH)2D3 increased distinctly the bone tissue density as well as the content of calcium and phosphorus. The most favourable state of the calcium homeostasis and of bone tissue in exogenous hypercorticoidism was observed after simultaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. These data suggest that a set functionally active metabolites of vitamin D3 should be used in cases of long-term treatment with glucocorticoids.

[Effect of 1,25-dioxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dioxycholecalciferol on calcium homeostasis in rats given hydrocortisone in the diet with various phosphorus contents]. / Vliianie 1,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola i 24,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola na gomeostaz kal'tsiia u krys poluchaiushchikh gidrokortizon na fone ratsiona s razlichnym soderzhaniem fosfora.

High content of phosphorus in the diet (1.8% of phosphorus in the diet, Ca:P ratio 1:3) accelerated the development of hypocalcemia and osteoporosis and increased their degree in rats which received hydrocortisone (3.5 mg/10 g bw a day for 4 weeks). Reduction of phosphorus consumption to 0.3% (Ca:P ration 1:0.5) essentially retarded the development of these disturbances and lowered their degree. The use of 1,25-dioxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dioxycholecalciferol in doses of 0.03 and 1.5 mg, respectively promoted the normalization of phosphorus-calcium metabolism and improvement of the status of the osseous tissue in rats given hydrocortisone coupled with both diets. The most beneficial affect on calcium homeostasis in exogenous hypercorticoidism was attained with the use of active metabolites of vitamin D3 coupled with the diet with a low phosphorus content (0.3%). In this case there was a complete normalization of the density of the osseous tissue and of the calcium and phosphorus content. In view of this fact it is advisable to combine active metabolites of vitamin D3 and the diet with a low phosphorus content.

[Various indicators of the state of the body during intravenous feeding with different mixtures]. / Nekotorye pokazateli sostoianiia organizma pri vnutrivennom pitanii kachestvenno razlichnymi smesiami.

Experiments lasting 15 days were made on rats fed intravenous isocaloric mixtures of the same composition (amino acids, glucose, fatty emulsion, mineral substances and vitamins), with one of the mixtures containing no fatty emulsion. It was noticed that intravenous feeding resulted in certain changes in body function, being consequent on the process of adaptation. The mixtures with and without fatty emulsion produced the same weight gain. However they brought about dissimilar shifts in other characteristics of the body status. The choice of adequate criteria is of importance for the assessment of the action of the different mixtures.

[Effect of phosphorus intake on calcium homeostasis and bone tissue status in rats receiving hydrocortisone]. / Vliianie razlichnogo potrebleniia fosfora na gomeostaz kal'tsiia i sostoianie kostnoi tkani u krys, poluchaiushchikh gidrokortizon.

The increase of phosphorus content up to 1.2-1.8% in the diet (the calcium/phosphorus ratio 1:2 or 1:3) accelerates the development and raises the rate of hypocalcemia and osteoporosis in rats administered pharmacological doses of hydrocortisone (3.5 mg per 100 g bw a day for 2 or 4 weeks). The decrease of phosphorus content to 0.3% (calcium-phosphorus 1:0.5) essentially retards the development of these disturbances and reduces their severity, which points to the advisability of clinical trials of the diet with phosphorus limitation as means of the prophylaxis of calcium homeostasis and bone alterations during long-term administration of glucocorticoids and in endogenous hypercorticoidism.

[Comparative evaluation of biological activity of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie biologicheskoi aktivnosti 1 alpha,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola i 24,25-dioksikholekal'tsiferola u krys.

Deficiency of vitamin D in rats led to impairment of Ca2+ absorption in intestine, hypocalcemia, decrease in specific weight of femur diaphyses, decrease in content of Ca2+ and in the ratio Ca2+/hydroxyproline in diaphyses and epiphyses. These patterns were normalized after daily administration of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) at a dose of 500 ng (20 IU) into rats within 5 days. I alpha, 25-dihydroxycalciferol at a daily dose of 30 ng stimulated absorption of Ca2+ in intestine, increased the specific weight of diaphyses and content of Ca2+ in diaphysis, but content of Ca2+ in blood and epiphyses was not normalized. Increase in 1,25 (OH)2D3 dose up to 300 ng caused a decrease in the rate of mineralization of diaphyses and epiphyses with simultaneous elevation of the Ca2+ content in blood. 24, 25-dihydroxycalciferol at a dose of 250 ng stimulated effectively both diaphyses and epiphyses mineralization, at the same time the effect was also maintained after 10-fold increase of the dose.

[Mechanism of intestinal vitamin-D-dependent Ca absorption. Correlation between active Ca transport and release of inorganic phosphate on the basal side of intestinal epithelia]. / Izuchenie mekhanizma vitamin-D-zavisimogo vsasyvaniia Ca v kishechnika. Vzaimosviaz, aktivnogo transporta Ca s osvobozhdeniem neorganicheskogo fosfata na bazal'noi storone kishechnogo épiteliia.

Incubation of isolated sections of rat small intestine in air-saturated medium, deprived of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was accompanied by liberation of endogenous Pi from both sides of the intestinal wall as well as by development of the anion concentration gradient, which was directed from apical to basal side of the wall. After addition into medium of 0.25 mM CaCl2 triggering the Ca2+ absorption in the isolated intestinal section by an active transport mechanism, distinct output of Pi was observed at the basal side of the intestinal epithelium against the concentration gradient of the anion. Under anaerobic conditions block of Ca2+ active transport by means of inhibitors of energy supply (1 . 10(-5) M DNP, 4 . 10(-6) M p-chloromercuribenzoate) inhibited simultaneously the Pi output; the same phenomenon was observed in aged rats and in rats maintained on D-avitaminous diet, thus demonstrating the intimate relation of the processes studied. The data obtained are consistent with the idea on existence of a phosphorylated carrier of Ca2+, dephosphorylation of which on basal-lateral membrane of enterocyte is accompanied by simultaneous liberation of Ca2+ and Pi from the mucosal cells providing the energy-dependent transition of the ions against the concentration gradient.

[The protective effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E in hypervitaminosis D]. / Zashchitnoe deistvie selenita natriia i vitamina E pri D-gipervitaminoze

Vitamin D2 (160 000-240 000 IU/kg) produced during 5 days pronounced hypercalciemia and metastatic calcification of internal organs. Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (10 mg/kg) brought down the level of calcium in the blood plasma and decreased calcification of internal organs. Conjoint introduction of sodium selenite (30 gamma/kg) and of vitamin "E" (50 mg/kg) lowered the aortal calcinosis by 54 per cent, of the lung--by 93, of the heart--by 86 and of the kidney--by 96 per cent.