Effect of Bypassing the Closest Stroke Center in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Secondary Analysis of the RACECAT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Prehospital transfer protocols are based on rapid access to reperfusion therapies for patients with ischemic stroke. The effect of different protocols among patients receiving a final diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of direct transport to an endovascular treatment (EVT)-capable stroke center vs transport to the nearest local stroke center. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prespecified secondary analysis of RACECAT, a multicenter, population-based, cluster-randomized clinical trial conducted from March 2017 to June 2020 in Catalonia, Spain. Patients were evaluated by a blinded end point assessment. All consecutive patients suspected of experiencing a large vessel occlusion stroke (Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation Scale [RACE] score in the field >4 on a scale of 0 to 9, with lower to higher stroke severity) with final diagnosis of ICH were included. A total of 1401 patients were enrolled in RACECAT with suspicion of large vessel occlusion stroke. The current analysis was conducted in October 2022. Intervention: Direct transport to an EVT-capable stroke center (n = 137) or to the closest local stroke center (n = 165). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was tested using cumulative ordinal logistic regression to estimate the common odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI of the shift analysis of disability at 90 days as assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (range, 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary outcomes, included 90-day mortality, death or severe functional dependency, early neurological deterioration, early mortality, ICH volume and enlargement, rate of neurosurgical treatment, rate of clinical complications during initial transport, and rate of adverse events until day 5. Results: Of 1401 patients enrolled, 1099 were excluded from this analysis (32 rejected informed consent, 920 had ischemic stroke, 29 had transient ischemic attack, 12 had subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 106 had stroke mimic). Thus, 302 patients were included (204 [67.5%] men; mean [SD] age 71.7 [12.8] years; and median [IQR] RACE score, 7 [6-8]). For the primary outcome, direct transfer to an EVT-capable stroke center (mean [SD] mRS score, 4.93 [1.38]) resulted in worse functional outcome at 90 days compared with transfer to the nearest local stroke center (mean [SD] mRS score, 4.66 [1.39]; adjusted common OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.96). Direct transfer to an EVT-capable stroke center also suggested potentially higher 90-day mortality compared with transfer to the nearest local stroke center (67 of 137 [48.9%] vs 62 of 165 [37.6%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.99-1.99). The rates of medical complications during the initial transfer (30 of 137 [22.6%] vs 9 of 165 patients [5.6%]; adjusted OR, 5.29; 95% CI, 2.38-11.73) and in-hospital pneumonia (49 of 137 patients [35.8%] vs 29 of 165 patients [17.6%]; OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.53-4.44) were higher in the EVT-capable stroke center group. Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of the RACECAT randomized clinical trial, bypassing the closest stroke center resulted in reduced chances of functional independence at 90 days for patients who received a final diagnosis of ICH. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02795962.

Priority in interhospital transfers of patients with severe COVID-19: development and prospective validation of a triage tool. / Desarrollo y validación prospectiva de la escala TIHCOVID: una herramienta de triaje y priorización del traslado interhospitalario de pacientes COVID-19 graves.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a triage scale (Spanish acronym, TIHCOVID) to assign priority by predicting critical events in patients with severe COVID-19 who are candidates for interhospital transfer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study in 2 periods for internal (February-April 2020) and external (October-December 2020) validation. We included consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 who were transported by the emergency medical service of Catalonia. A risk model was developed to predict mortality based on variables recorded on first contact between the regional emergency coordination center and the transferring hospital. The model's performance was evaluated by means of calibration and discrimination, and the results for the first and second periods were compared. RESULTS: Nine hundred patients were included, 450 in each period. In-hospital mortality was 33.8%. The 7 predictors included in the final model were age, comorbidity, need for prone positioning, renal insufficiency, use of high-flow nasal oxygen prior to mechanical ventilation, and a ratio of PaO2 to inspired oxygen fraction of less than 50. The performance of the model was good (Brier score, 0.172), and calibration and discrimination were consistent. We found no significant differences between the internal and external validation steps with respect to either the calibration slopes (0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.93] vs 1.12 [95% CI, 0.6-1.17], respectively; P = .150) or discrimination (area under the curve, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.75-0.84] vs 0.85 [95% CI, 0.81-0.89]; P = .121). CONCLUSION: The TIHCOVID tool may be useful for triage when assigning priority for patients with severe COVID-19 who require transfer between hospitals.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar y validar una escala predictiva de eventos críticos en pacientes con infección grave por COVID-19 candidatos a traslado interhospitalario (TIH) que facilite el triaje y la priorización del transporte sanitario. METODO: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo divido en dos periodos: validación interna (febrero-abril 2020) y validación externa (octubre-diciembre 2020). Se incluyeron consecutivamente los pacientes con infección grave por COVID-19 trasladados por el Sistema de Emergencias Médicas de Cataluña. Se construyó un modelo predictivo de las variables asociadas a la mortalidad recogidas en el momento del primer contacto entre el hospital emisor y el centro de coordinación. Se calculó el rendimiento del modelo y se comparó la validación interna y externa, evaluando la calibración y la discriminación. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 900 pacientes, 450 pacientes en cada periodo de estudio. La mortalidad durante el ingreso fue del 33,8%. Las 7 variables predictoras incluidas en el modelo final fueron edad, comorbilidad, pronación, insuficiencia renal aguda, uso de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo previa a la ventilación mecánica invasiva, tabaquismo activo y un valor de PaO2/FiO2 50. El modelo mostró un buen rendimiento (Brier = 0,172) y consistencia en la calibración y discriminación. No se objetivaron diferencias en la pendiente de calibración [0,92 (IC 95%: 0,91-0,93) vs 1,12 (IC 95%: 0,6-1,17); p = 0,150] ni en la capacidad discriminativa [ABC 0,81 (IC 95%: 0,75-0,84) vs ABC de 0,85 (IC 95%: 0,81-0,89), p = 0,121] entre la validación interna y externa. CONCLUSIONES: La escala TIHCOVID puede ser de ayuda para el triaje de pacientes con infección COVID-19 grave que precisan traslado interhospitalario.

Desarrollo y validación prospectiva de la escala TIHCOVID: una herramienta de triaje y priorización del traslado interhospitalario de pacientes COVID-19 graves / Priority in interhospital transfers of patients with severe COVID-19: development and prospective validation of a triage tool

Objetivo. Desarrollar y validar una escala predictiva de eventos críticos en pacientes con infección grave por COVID-19 candidatos a traslado interhospitalario (TIH) que facilite el triaje y la priorización del transporte sanitario. Método. Estudio de cohortes prospectivo divido en dos periodos: validación interna (febrero-abril 2020) y validación externa (octubre-diciembre 2020). Se incluyeron consecutivamente los pacientes con infección grave por COVID-19 trasladados por el Sistema de Emergencias Médicas de Cataluña. Se construyó un modelo predictivo de las variables asociadas a la mortalidad recogidas en el momento del primer contacto entre el hospital emisor y el centro de coordinación. Se calculó el rendimiento del modelo y se comparó la validación interna y externa, evaluando la calibración y la discriminación. Resultados. Se incluyeron 900 pacientes, 450 pacientes en cada periodo de estudio. La mortalidad durante el ingreso fue del 33,8%. Las 7 variables predictoras incluidas en el modelo final fueron edad, comorbilidad, pronación, insuficiencia renal aguda, uso de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo previa a la ventilación mecánica invasiva, tabaquismo activo y un valor de PaO2/FiO2 < 50. El modelo mostró un buen rendimiento (Brier = 0,172) y consistencia en la calibración y discriminación. No se objetivaron diferencias en la pendiente de calibración [0,92 (IC 95%: 0,91-0,93) vs 1,12 (IC 95%: 0,6-1,17); p = 0,150] ni en la capacidad discriminativa [ABC 0,81 (IC 95%: 0,75-0,84) vs ABC de 0,85 (IC 95%: 0,81-0,89), p = 0,121] entre la validación interna y externa. Conclusiones. La escala TIHCOVID puede ser de ayuda para el triaje de pacientes con infección COVID-19 grave que precisan traslado interhospitalario.

Objectives. To develop and validate a triage scale (Spanish acronym, TIHCOVID) to assign priority by predicting critical events in patients with severe COVID-19 who are candidates for interhospital transfer. Methods. Prospective cohort study in 2 periods for internal (February–April 2020) and external (October–December 2020) validation. We included consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 who were transported by the emergency medical service of Catalonia. A risk model was developed to predict mortality based on variables recorded on first contact between the regional emergency coordination center and the transferring hospital. The model’s performance was evaluated by means of calibration and discrimination, and the results for the first and second periods were compared. Results. Nine hundred patients were included, 450 in each period. In-hospital mortality was 33.8%. The 7 predictors included in the final model were age, comorbidity, need for prone positioning, renal insufficiency, use of high-flow nasal oxygen prior to mechanical ventilation, and a ratio of PaO2 to inspired oxygen fraction of less than 50. The performance of the model was good (Brier score, 0.172), and calibration and discrimination were consistent. We found no significant differences between the internal and external validation steps with respect to either the calibration slopes (0.92 [95% CI, 0.91–0.93] vs 1.12 [95% CI, 0.6–1.17], respectively; P = .150) or discrimination (area under the curve, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.75–0.84] vs 0.85 [95% CI, 0.81–0.89]; P = .121). Conclusion. The TIHCOVID tool may be useful for triage when assigning priority for patients with severe COVID-19 who require transfer between hospitals.

Bottlenecks in the Acute Stroke Care System during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Catalonia.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant healthcare reorganizations, potentially striking standard medical care. We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke care quality and clinical outcomes to detect healthcare system's bottlenecks from a territorial point of view. METHODS: Crossed-data analysis between a prospective nation-based mandatory registry of acute stroke, Emergency Medical System (EMS) records, and daily incidence of COVID-19 in Catalonia (Spain). We included all stroke code activations during the pandemic (March 15-May 2, 2020) and an immediate prepandemic period (January 26-March 14, 2020). Primary outcomes were stroke code activations and reperfusion therapies in both periods. Secondary outcomes included clinical characteristics, workflow metrics, differences across types of stroke centers, correlation analysis between weekly EMS alerts, COVID-19 cases, and workflow metrics, and impact on mortality and clinical outcome at 90 days. RESULTS: Stroke code activations decreased by 22% and reperfusion therapies dropped by 29% during the pandemic period, with no differences in age, stroke severity, or large vessel occlusion. Calls to EMS were handled 42 min later, and time from onset to hospital arrival increased by 53 min, with significant correlations between weekly COVID-19 cases and more EMS calls (rho = 0.81), less stroke code activations (rho = -0.37), and longer prehospital delays (rho = 0.25). Telestroke centers were afflicted with higher reductions in stroke code activations, reperfusion treatments, referrals to endovascular centers, and increased delays to thrombolytics. The independent odds of death increased (OR 1.6 [1.05-2.4], p 0.03) and good functional outcome decreased (mRS ≤2 at 90 days: OR 0.6 [0.4-0.9], p 0.015) during the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Catalonia's stroke system's weakest points were the delay to EMS alert and a decline of stroke code activations, reperfusion treatments, and interhospital transfers, mostly at local centers. Patients suffering an acute stroke during the pandemic period had higher odds of poor functional outcome and death. The complete stroke care system's analysis is crucial to allocate resources appropriately.

Developing a competency-based Pan-European Accreditation Framework for Health Promotion.

BACKGROUND: The CompHP Pan-European Accreditation Framework for Health Promotion was developed as part of the CompHP Project that aimed to develop competency-based standards and an accreditation system for health promotion practice, education, and training in Europe. METHOD: A phased, multiple-method approach was employed to facilitate consensus building with key stakeholders in health promotion across Europe. Consultation processes included focus and discussion groups at European and country levels, an online survey, a web-based consultation, and testing in academic and practice settings. Successive drafts of the Framework (a total of five) were revised based on the feedback from each consultation stage. FINDINGS: A total of 405 participants from 29 of the 34 target countries contributed to the consultation process. The overall response to the Framework was positive, with negative feedback focusing mainly on the barriers that may impact on its implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The CompHP Pan-European Accreditation Framework for Health Promotion provides an agreed system to promote quality assurance and competence for health promotion practice and education in Europe. The Framework, which builds on the CompHP Core Competencies and Professionals Standards, outlines the systems and processes for the accreditation of health promotion practitioners and health promotion education and training by accrediting organizations at national and European levels.

FRAX® tool, the WHO algorithm to predict osteoporotic fractures: the first analysis of its discriminative and predictive ability in the Spanish FRIDEX cohort.

BACKGROUND: The WHO has recently published the FRAX® tool to determine the absolute risk of osteoporotic fracture at 10 years. This tool has not yet been validated in Spain. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective observational study was undertaken in women in the FRIDEX cohort (Barcelona) not receiving bone active drugs at baseline. Baseline measurements: known risk factors including those of FRAX® and a DXA. Follow up data on self-reported incident major fractures (hip, spine, humerus and wrist) and verified against patient records. The calculation of absolute risk of major fracture and hip fracture was by FRAX® website. This work follows the guidelines of the STROBE initiative for cohort studies. The discriminative capacity of FRAX® was analyzed by the Area Under Curve (AUC), Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The predictive capacity was determined using the ratio of observed fractures/expected fractures by FRAX® (ObsFx/ExpFx). RESULTS: The study subjects were 770 women from 40 to 90 years of age in the FRIDEX cohort. The mean age was 56.8 ± 8 years. The fractures were determined by structured telephone questionnaire and subsequent testing in medical records at 10 years. Sixty-five (8.4%) women presented major fractures (17 hip fractures). Women with fractures were older, had more previous fractures, more cases of rheumatoid arthritis and also more osteoporosis on the baseline DXA. The AUC ROC of FRAX® for major fracture without bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.693 (CI 95%; 0.622-0.763), with T-score of femoral neck (FN) 0.716 (CI 95%; 0.646-0.786), being 0.888 (CI 95%; 0.824-0.952) and 0.849 (CI 95%; 0.737-0.962), respectively for hip fracture. In the model with BMD alone was 0.661 (CI 95%; 0.583-0.739) and 0.779 (CI 95%; 0.631-0.929). In the model with age alone was 0.668 (CI 95%; 0.603-0.733) and 0.882 (CI 95%; 0.832-0.936). In both cases there are not significant differences against FRAX® model. The overall predictive value for major fracture by ObsFx/ExpFx ratio was 2.4 and 2.8 for hip fracture without BMD. With BMD was 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. Sensitivity of the four was always less than 50%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a good correlation only after calibration with ObsFx/ExpFx ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The current version of FRAX® for Spanish women without BMD analysed by the AUC ROC demonstrate a poor discriminative capacity to predict major fractures but a good discriminative capacity for hip fractures. Its predictive capacity does not adjust well because leading to underdiagnosis for both predictions major and hip fractures. Simple models based only on age or BMD alone similarly predicted that more complex FRAX® models.

[Self-administration of colony stimulating factors (CSF's): basic advice]. / Factores estimuladores de colonias: consejos para la autoadministración.

As nurses we all know the importance of good health education to achieve the highest level of autonomy in our patients. In the Medical Day Unit of Palamós Hospital we treat cancer patients who need CSF's (Colony Stimulating Factors) medication. We thought it would be appropriate, therefore, to draw up an information leaflet on self-administration of CSF's. These kind of patients receive a lot of information through the different media but, unfortunately, it can get distorted, unclear, and often, not at all lawful. Our goal is that the patient or, in his absence, the main career can improve the self-administration of the drug. After several tests we have opted for a visual leaflet instead of a written one because we believe that "a picture is worth a thousand words".

Factores estimuladores de colonias. Consejos para la autoadministración / Self-administration of colony stimulating factors (CSF'S): basic advice

Como profesionales de enfermería conocemos la importancia de impartir una buena educación sanitaria para conseguir la máxima autonomía en nuestros pacientes. Como enfermeras de una Unidad de Hospital de día médico, en el que tratamos pacientes oncológicos y oncohematológicos que necesitan tratamiento con factores de estimulación de colonias, hemos creído oportuno la elaboración de un díptico informativo sobre la autoadministración de los mismos. Es cierto que los pacientes, gracias a los diferentes medios de comunicación, reciben mucha información pero, desgraciadamente, puede llegar de manera distorsionada, poco comprensible y -en ocasiones- de forma no del todo lícita. Nuestro objetivo es reforzar la autoadministración de este medicamento o, en su defecto, la aplicación por el cuidador principal o familiar. Tras varias pruebas, hemos optado por un díptico más visual que escrito porque creemos que una imagen vale más que mil palabras(AU)

As nurses we all know the importance of good health education to achieve the highest level of autonomy in our patients. In the Medical Day Unit of Palamós Hospital we treat cancer patients who need CSF's (Colony Stimulating Factors) medication. We thought it would be appropriate, therefore, to draw up an information leaflet on self-administration of CSF's. These kind of patients receive a lot of information through the different media but, unfortunately, it can get distorted, unclear, and often, not at all lawful. Our goal is that the patient or, in his absence, the main career can improve the self-administration of the drug. After several tests we have opted for a visual leaflet instead of a written one because we believe that «a picture is worth a thousand words»(AU)

Measuring health-related quality of life in men with osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a serious health problem that worsens the quality of life and the survival rate of individuals with this disease on account the osteoporotic fractures. Studies have long focused on women, and its presence in men has been underestimated. While many studies conducted in different countries mainly assess health-related quality of life and identify fracture risks factors in women, few data are available on a Spanish male population. METHODS/DESIGN: Observational study. STUDY POPULATION: Men ≥ 40 years of age with/without diagnosed osteoporosis and with/without osteoporotic fracture included by their family doctor. MEASUREMENTS: The relationship between customary clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fracture and health-related quality of life in a Spanish male population. A telephone questionnaire on health-related quality of life is made. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The association between qualitative variables will be assessed by the Chi-square test. The distribution of quantitative variables by Student's t-test. If the conditions for using this test are not met, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U test will be used.The validation of the results obtained by the FRAX™ tool will be performed by way of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and by calculating the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). All tests will be performed with a confidence intervals set at 95%. DISCUSSION: The applicability and usefulness of Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) studies are well documented in many countries. These studies allow implementing cost-effective measures in cases of a given disease and reducing the costly consequences derived therefrom. This study attempts to provide objective data on how quality of life is affected by the clinical aspects involved in osteoporosis in a Spanish male population and can be useful as well in cost utility analyses conducted by health authorities.The sample selected is not based on a high fracture risk group. Rather, it is composed of men in the general population, and accordingly comparisons should not lead to erroneous interpretations.A possible bias correction will be ensured by checking reported fractures against healthcare reports and X-rays, or by consulting health care centers as applicable.

Prediction of absolute risk of fragility fracture at 10 years in a Spanish population: validation of the WHO FRAX ™ tool in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Age-related bone loss is asymptomatic, and the morbidity of osteoporosis is secondary to the fractures that occur. Common sites of fracture include the spine, hip, forearm and proximal humerus. Fractures at the hip incur the greatest morbidity and mortality and give rise to the highest direct costs for health services. Their incidence increases exponentially with age.Independently changes in population demography, the age - and sex- specific incidence of osteoporotic fractures appears to be increasing in developing and developed countries. This could mean more than double the expected burden of osteoporotic fractures in the next 50 years. METHODS/DESIGN: To assess the predictive power of the WHO FRAX™ tool to identify the subjects with the highest absolute risk of fragility fracture at 10 years in a Spanish population, a predictive validation study of the tool will be carried out. For this purpose, the participants recruited by 1999 will be assessed. These were referred to scan-DXA Department from primary healthcare centres, non hospital and hospital consultations. STUDY POPULATION: Patients attended in the national health services integrated into a FRIDEX cohort with at least one Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement and one extensive questionnaire related to fracture risk factors. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline bone mineral density measurement using DXA, clinical fracture risk factors questionnaire, dietary calcium intake assessment, history of previous fractures, and related drugs. Follow up by telephone interview to know fragility fractures in the 10 years with verification in electronic medical records and also to know the number of falls in the last year. The absolute risk of fracture will be estimated using the FRAX™ tool from the official web site. DISCUSSION: Since more than 10 years ago numerous publications have recognised the importance of other risk factors for new osteoporotic fractures in addition to low BMD. The extension of a method for calculating the risk (probability) of fractures using the FRAX™ tool is foreseeable in Spain and this would justify a study such as this to allow the necessary adjustments in calibration of the parameters included in the logarithmic formula constituted by FRAX™.