RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Personality traits are relevant for pain perception in persistent pain disorders, although they have not been studied in depth in sensitized and nonsensitized patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE: To explain and compare the personality profile of patients with OA, with and without central sensitization (CS), and fibromyalgia (FM). SETTING: Participants were selected at the Rheumatology Department in two major hospitals in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Case-control study where the sample consists of 15 patients with OA and CS (OA-CS), 31 OA without CS (OA-noCS), 47 FM, and 22 controls. We used a rigorous and systematic process that ensured the sample strictly fulfilled all the inclusion/exclusion criteria, so the sample is very well delimited. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Personality was assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory of Cloninger. RESULTS: The percentile in harm-avoidance dimension for the FM group is higher compared to OA groups and controls. The most frequent temperamental profiles in patients are cautious, methodical, and explosive. Patients with FM are more likely to report larger scores in harm-avoidance, with an increase in logistic regression adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) between 4.2% and 70.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Harm-avoidance seems to be the most important dimension in personality patients with chronic pain, as previously found. We found no differences between OA groups and between sensitized groups, but there are differences between FM and OA-noCS, so harm-avoidance might be the key to describe personality in patients with CS rather than the presence of prolonged pain, as found in the literature before.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica , Fibromialgia , Humanos , Sensibilização do Sistema Nervoso Central , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Personalidade , Transtornos da Personalidade , Inventário de PersonalidadeRESUMO
En fermentaciones aerobias el oxígeno, como aceptor terminal de electrones en el proceso de respiración, comúnmente se constituye en limitante debido entre otros factores al diseño del biorreactor (factores geométricos), a las condiciones de operación de los fermentadores (condiciones ambientales requeridas en el cultivo, potencia transferida al cultivo por el sistema de agitación, propiedades del medio líquido), demanda de oxígeno por parte del microorganismo, sistema de aireación (concentración de oxígeno en el gas, solubilidad del oxígeno). La limitación de oxígeno se refleja en la fermentación con Lactococcus lactis cepa IBUN 34.1, en que presenta una baja disponibilidad de oxígeno desde muy temprano en la fase exponencial del cultivo. Para superar estas limitaciones se diseñó y desarrolló un sistema de suministro de oxígeno de alta tasa de transferencia, consistente en un sistema de fermentación con aireación externa (SFAE), el cual es comparado en este trabajo con el sistema tradicional de fermentador agitado dotado con dos turbinas tipo Rushton y aireación por difusor interno. En este trabajo se evalúa la operación del SFAE, se seleccionan y estudian algunas variables operacionales y su efecto sobre la transferencia de oxígeno gas-líquido. Los resultados indican que las variables que tienen efecto significativo sobre el coeficiente volumétrico global de transferencia de masa kLa son la agitación y el flujo de medio de cultivo que circula por el aireador externo denominado flujo de recirculación. Los valores de kLa obtenidos indican que con el fermentador convencional con aireación interna el mayor valor de kLa alcanzado fue de 40,68 (h-1), en tanto que con el SFAE se alcanzaron valores de 63,18 (h-1).
In aerobic fermentations, oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in respiration process, is commonly a limiting due to factors like its low solubility in aqueous solutions, bioreactors geometric factors and operating characteristics, liquid media properties, oxygen concentration in gas supply, microorganisms characteristics, environmental culture conditions, power supply by agitation system, etc. Oxygen limitation is present in cultures using the IBUN 34.1 Lactococcus lactis strain where oxygen availability is low some minutes after the exponential phase starts. A high transfer rate oxygen supply system was thus designed to overcome such limitations; it consisted of an external aeration fermentation system (EAFS) which was compared in this work with a conventional agitated tank fermenter equipped with two Rushton turbines and internal diffuser aeration flute mechanism.This paper evaluates the EAFS; some operational variables were selected and studied as well as their effect on oxygen transfer. Our results showed that agitation and culture medium flow through the aerator (called external recirculation flow) were the variables having the main effect on overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa). The highest kLa value in the conventional bioreactor having internal aeration was 40.68 kLa (h-1), while the EAFS reached 90 (h-1).