pH/ Temperature/ Redox and Light-responsive Polymersome Structure and Application in Cancer Therapy: Smart Drug Delivery and Targeted Drug Release.

Improvements in cancer treatment are largely influenced by more people knowing about it and developing new ways to diagnose and treat it. New methods such as nanotheranostics and the use of tiny particles have greatly improved the diagnosis, control and treatment of cancer. They have also helped overcome problems with traditional treatments. Nanotheranostics contribute to personalized medicine by helping doctors choose the right treatment, track how well the treatment works, and plan future treatments. Polymers have many advantages as smart or durable drug formulations among small therapeutic platforms. These small sacks, which can be used for drug delivery and imaging, are not harmful to natural tissues and are becoming more popular. Scientists have found a special group of tiny particles made of polymers that can carry active ingredients. These particles show the potential of creating a useful platform for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases on a very small scale. In the past ten years, people have become more interested in polymersomes. They have been used for various medical purposes, such as controlling blood sugar, treating cancer and fighting bacteria. Polymers are stronger and more stable than liposomes. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers are very important for faster translation and creation of useful medical formulations. Recent progress in this field includes the creation of intelligent, centralized and responsive containers. In this review, we will examine and provide information about polymersomes. We will discuss their properties and how they can be used as drug delivery systems.

A review of DNA nanoparticles-encapsulated drug/gene/protein for advanced controlled drug release: Current status and future perspective over emerging therapy approaches.

In the last ten years, the field of nanomedicine has experienced significant progress in creating novel drug delivery systems (DDSs). An effective strategy involves employing DNA nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers to encapsulate drugs, genes, or proteins, facilitating regulated drug release. This abstract examines the utilization of DNA NPs and their potential applications in strategies for controlled drug release. Researchers have utilized the distinctive characteristics of DNA molecules, including their ability to self-assemble and their compatibility with living organisms, to create NPs specifically for the purpose of delivering drugs. The DNA NPs possess numerous benefits compared to conventional drug carriers, such as exceptional stability, adjustable dimensions and structure, and convenient customization. Researchers have successfully achieved a highly efficient encapsulation of different therapeutic agents by carefully designing their structure and composition. This advancement enables precise and targeted delivery of drugs. The incorporation of drugs, genes, or proteins into DNA NPs provides notable advantages in terms of augmenting therapeutic effectiveness while reducing adverse effects. DNA NPs serve as a protective barrier for the enclosed payloads, preventing their degradation and extending their duration in the body. The protective effect is especially vital for delicate biologics, such as proteins or gene-based therapies that could otherwise be vulnerable to enzymatic degradation or quick elimination. Moreover, the surface of DNA NPs can be altered to facilitate specific targeting towards particular tissues or cells, thereby augmenting the accuracy of delivery. A significant benefit of DNA NPs is their capacity to regulate the kinetics of drug release. Through the manipulation of the DNA NPs structure, scientists can regulate the rate at which the enclosed cargo is released, enabling a prolonged and regulated dispensation of medication. This control is crucial for medications with limited therapeutic ranges or those necessitating uninterrupted administration to attain optimal therapeutic results. In addition, DNA NPs have the ability to react to external factors, including alterations in temperature, pH, or light, which can initiate the release of the payload at precise locations or moments. This feature enhances the precision of drug release control. The potential uses of DNA NPs in the controlled release of medicines are extensive. The NPs have the ability to transport various therapeutic substances, for example, drugs, peptides, NAs (NAs), and proteins. They exhibit potential for the therapeutic management of diverse ailments, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases. In addition, DNA NPs can be employed for targeted drug delivery, traversing biological barriers, and surpassing the constraints of conventional drug administration methods.

3D and 4D printing hydroxyapatite-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and regeneration.

The osseous tissue can be classified as a nanocomposite that encompasses a complex interweaving of organic and inorganic matrices. This intricate amalgamation consists of a collagen component and a mineral phase that are intricately arranged to form elaborate and perforated configurations. Hydroxyapatite, whether synthesized artificially or obtained from natural sources, has garnered considerable attention as a composite material in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its striking resemblance to bone in terms of structure and characteristics. Hydroxyapatite (HA) constitutes the predominant ceramic biomaterial for biomedical applications due to its ability to replicate the mineral composition of vertebrate bone. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the present biomimetic substance exhibits unfavorable mechanical characteristics, characterized by insufficient tensile and compressive strength, thus rendering it unsuitable for effective employment in the field of bone tissue engineering. Due to its beneficial attributes, hydroxyapatite (HA) is frequently employed in conjunction with various polymers and crosslinkers as composites to enhance mechanical properties and overall efficacy of implantable biomaterials engineered. The restoration of skeletal defects through the use of customized replacements is an effective way to replace damaged or lost bone structures. This method not only restores the bones' original functions but also reinstates their initial aesthetic appearance. The utilization of hydroxyapatite-polymer composites within 3D-printed grafts necessitates meticulous optimization of both mechanical and biological properties, in order to ensure their suitability for employment in medical devices. The utilization of 3D-printing technology represents an innovative approach in the manufacturing of HA-based scaffolds, which offers advantageous prospects for personalized bone regeneration. The expeditious prototyping method, with emphasis on the application of 3D printing, presents a viable approach in the development of bespoke prosthetic implants, grounded on healthcare data sets. 4D printing approach is an evolved form of 3D printing that utilizes programmable materials capable of altering the intended shape of printed structures, contingent upon single or dual stimulating factors. These factors include aspects such as pH level, temperature, humidity, crosslinking degree, and leaching factors.

Topological engineering of terahertz light using electrically tunable exceptional point singularities.

The topological structure associated with the branch point singularity around an exceptional point (EP) can provide tools for controlling the propagation of light. Through use of graphene-based devices, we demonstrate the emergence of EPs in an electrically controlled interaction between light and a collection of organic molecules in the terahertz regime at room temperature. We show that the intensity and phase of terahertz pulses can be controlled by a gate voltage, which drives the device across the EP. Our electrically tunable system allows reconstruction of the Riemann surface associated with the complex energy landscape and provides topological control of light by tuning the loss imbalance and frequency detuning of interacting modes. Our approach provides a platform for developing topological optoelectronics and studying the manifestations of EP physics in light-matter interactions.

Ultra-High Efficiency and Broad Band Operation of Infrared Metasurface Anomalous Reflector based on Graphene Plasmonics.

Infrared metasurface anomalous reflector with ultra-high efficiency and broad band operation is designed via multi-sheet graphene layer with triangular holes. The anomalous reflection angle covers the range of 10° to 90° with the efficiency higher than 80%, over a broad spectral range from 7 µm-40 µm of infrared spectrum. It reaches above 92% at the center wavelength in the spectral response. By increasing the periodicity of phase gradient, we can expand this frequency band even further without losing efficiency. The compact design of metasurface affords the adjustability of the electrochemical potential level of graphene by means of gating. Additionally, the impact of the number of graphene sheets for the optimum efficiency of the proposed structure is investigated. By adding the secondary graphene metasurface with opposite direction of phase gradient, we demonstrated the tunability of the reflection angle from θr to -θr with bias voltage.

Strong Solar Radiation Forces from Anomalously Reflecting Metasurfaces for Solar Sail Attitude Control.

We examine the theoretical implications of incorporating metasurfaces on solar sails, and the effect they can have on the forces applied to the sail. This would enable a significant enhancement over state-of-the- art attitude control by demonstrating a novel, propellant-free and low-mass approach to induce a roll torque on the sail, which is a current limitation in present state-of-the-art technology. We do so by utilizing anomalous optical reflections from the metasurfaces to generate a net in-plane lateral force, which can lead to a net torque along the roll axis of the sail, in addition to the other spatial movements exhibited by the sail from solar radiation pressure. We characterize this net lateral force as a function of incidence angle. In addition, the influence of the phase gradients and anomalous conversion efficiencies characteristics of the metasurfaces are independently considered. The optimum incidence angle that corresponded with the maximum net lateral-to-normal force ratio was found to be -30° for a metasurface exhibiting 75% anomalous conversion efficiency with a phase gradient of 0:71k0.