Influencia del ejercicio físico en la prevención del deterioro cognitivo en las personas mayores: revisión sistemática / The influence of physical exercise in the prevention of cognitive deterioration in the elderly: a systematic review

Introducción. La población española mayor de 65 años continua creciendo, por lo que la atención a adultos mayores se convierte en un objetivo de salud publica cada vez más relevante. La actividad física está siendo reconocida como un factor altamente protector de las funciones cognitivas en el envejecimiento, y se establece, en la actualidad, como una estrategia psicosocial prometedora para la protección de las facultades cognitivas. Pacientes y métodos. Mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, Scopus y SciELO, se revisaron sistemáticamente los estudios relativos a la influencia del ejercicio físico en la prevención del deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores sanos y en la reversión o en el mantenimiento del declive cognitivo una vez ya iniciado. Se seleccionaron y utilizaron 31 artículos como unidades de análisis. Resultados. En conjunto, estos estudios indicaron que un mayor índice de actividad física se relacionaría con un menor deterioro de las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores sanos y con deterioro cognitivo ya manifiesto. Conclusiones. El ejercicio físico constituye una estrategia psicosocial prometedora para la intervención de adultos mayores con y sin signos de deterioro cognitivo. Serian convenientes mayores estudios que empleen una metodología experimental, mayor homogeneidad en cuanto a los instrumentos de recogida de datos de funciones cognitivas y una profundización en la frecuencia e intensidad necesaria en las intervenciones (AU)

Introduction. In Spain, the number of elderly people is increasing, reason why the improvement in the attention given to the older adults has become a significant objective and requirement of health care systems. The physical activity is being recognized as a highly protective factor of the cognitive functions in aging, becoming a promising psycho-social strategy for the protection of the cognition in elderly population. Patients and methods. PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, Scopus y SciELO sources were searched. We analyze the influence of the physical exercise in the prevention of the cognitive functions in healthy elderly and in the improvement or maintenance of the cognitive decline in older adults with early cognitive impairment. Thirty-one studies were selected and analysed. Results. These studies indicated that a greater amount of physical activity is related with a decrease of cognitive decline in aging. Conclusions. The physical activity constitutes a promising psychosocial strategy for older adults with and without cognitive impairment. More experimental studies and homogeneity in the assessment instruments are needed. A deeper study of the convenience in the frequency and intensity of the interventions is also required (AU)

[The influence of physical exercise in the prevention of cognitive deterioration in the elderly: a systematic review]. / Influencia del ejercicio físico en la prevención del deterioro cognitivo en las personas mayores: revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: In Spain, the number of elderly people is increasing, reason why the improvement in the attention given to the older adults has become a significant objective and requirement of health care systems. The physical activity is being recognized as a highly protective factor of the cognitive functions in aging, becoming a promising psycho-social strategy for the protection of the cognition in elderly population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, Scopus y SciELO sources were searched. We analyze the influence of the physical exercise in the prevention of the cognitive functions in healthy elderly and in the improvement or maintenance of the cognitive decline in older adults with early cognitive impairment. Thirty-one studies were selected and analysed. RESULTS: These studies indicated that a greater amount of physical activity is related with a decrease of cognitive decline in aging. CONCLUSIONS: The physical activity constitutes a promising psychosocial strategy for older adults with and without cognitive impairment. More experimental studies and homogeneity in the assessment instruments are needed. A deeper study of the convenience in the frequency and intensity of the interventions is also required.

TITLE: Influencia del ejercicio fisico en la prevencion del deterioro cognitivo en las personas mayores: revision sistematica.Introduccion. La poblacion espanola mayor de 65 anos continua creciendo, por lo que la atencion a adultos mayores se convierte en un objetivo de salud publica cada vez mas relevante. La actividad fisica esta siendo reconocida como un factor altamente protector de las funciones cognitivas en el envejecimiento, y se establece, en la actualidad, como una estrategia psicosocial prometedora para la proteccion de las facultades cognitivas. Pacientes y metodos. Mediante una busqueda bibliografica en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, Scopus y SciELO, se revisaron sistematicamente los estudios relativos a la influencia del ejercicio fisico en la prevencion del deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores sanos y en la reversion o en el mantenimiento del declive cognitivo una vez ya iniciado. Se seleccionaron y utilizaron 31 articulos como unidades de analisis. Resultados. En conjunto, estos estudios indicaron que un mayor indice de actividad fisica se relacionaria con un menor deterioro de las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores sanos y con deterioro cognitivo ya manifiesto. Conclusiones. El ejercicio fisico constituye una estrategia psicosocial prometedora para la intervencion de adultos mayores con y sin signos de deterioro cognitivo. Serian convenientes mayores estudios que empleen una metodologia experimental, mayor homogeneidad en cuanto a los instrumentos de recogida de datos de funciones cognitivas y una profundizacion en la frecuencia e intensidad necesaria en las intervenciones.

Clinical utility of the hopkins Verbal Test-Revised for detecting Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in Spanish population.

The decline of verbal memory and learning is one of the main symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Hopkins Verbal Test-Revised (HVLT-R) to discriminate subjects with AD, amnestic MCI (aMCI), and a healthy control group in a Spanish population. Two hundred ninety-eight subjects were assessed with the HVLT-R and the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC 35). There were significant differences in the HVLT-R delay recall and total free recall scores of aMCI, AD, and control subjects. Cut points with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity were found and showed better sensitivity than the MEC 35 in detecting AD and aMCI. Recognition scores failed to differentiate between impaired and control subjects. The HVLT-R delay recall and total free recall scores present high diagnostic utility for their employment in clinical practice in AD and MCI in a Spanish population.

Chronic sildenafil (Viagra) administration reduces anxiety in intact and castrated male rats.

Epidemiological research indicates that sildenafil (Viagra) abuse is associated with increased risk behaviors. The present study employs the open field, a standard animal model used in the field of anxiety research, to examine whether chronic exposure to sildenafil affects anxiety and risk-taking behaviors in gonadally intact and castrated male Wistar rats. Sildenafil (10 mg/kg) or saline were administered three times a week for three weeks. Animals were tested once a week in the open field during and after drug treatment. Sildenafil treatment increased the number of center entries and time spent in the center in intact and castrated animals during and after treatment, suggesting that repeated drug use decreases anxiety. Sildenafil also restored the deficits in exploration and locomotion produced by castration, indicating that sildenafil effects on open field behaviors are independent of endogenous androgens. We caution against generalizing from this study to human behaviors, but propose that the behavioral effects produced by a chronic high dose of sildenafil warrant further studies into its abuse potential.

Chronic sildenafil (Viagra) administration reduces anxiety in intact and castrated male rats

Estudios epidemiológicos indican que el abuso de sildenafil (Viagra) está asociado con comportamientos de riesgo. En el presente estudio utilizamos el campo abierto, un modelo animal estándar en investigaciones sobre la ansiedad, para examinar los efectos de la administración crónica de sildenafil sobre la ansiedad y comportamientos de riesgo en ratas machos Wistar intactas y castradas. Sildenafil (10 mg/kg) o suero salino fueron administrados tres veces semanalmente durante tres semanas. Se midió el comportamiento en el campo abierto una vez por semana durante y posteriormente al tratamiento. El tratamiento con sildenafil incrementó las entradas al centro del campo y el tiempo en el centro en animales intactos y castrados, lo que sugiere que la administración crónica disminuye la ansiedad. Sildenafil también restauró los déficit asociados con la castración, lo que indica que los efectos de sildenafil sobre comportamientos en el campo abierto son independientes de la presencia de andrógenos endógenos. Alertamos en contra de generalizar estos resultados a los comportamientos humanos, pero proponemos que los efectos conductuales que produce la administración crónica de una dosis alta de sildenafil justifican el estudio del potencial de abuso de esta sustancia

Epidemiological research indicates that sildenafil (Viagra) abuse is associated with increased risk behaviors. The present study employs the open field, a standard animal model used in the field of anxiety research, to examine whether chronic exposure to sildenafil affects anxiety and risk-taking behaviors in gonadally intact and castrated male Wistar rats. Sildenafil (10 mg/kg) or saline were administered three times a week for three weeks. Animals were tested once a week in the open field during and after drug treatment. Sildenafil treatment increased the number of center entries and time spent in the center in intact and castrated animals during and after treatment, suggesting that repeated drug use decreases anxiety. Sildenafil also restored the deficits in exploration and locomotion produced by castration, indicating that sildenafil effects on open field behaviors are independent of endogenous androgens. We caution against generalizing from this study to human behaviors, but propose that the behavioral effects produced by a chronic high dose of sildenafil warrant further studies into its abuse potential