Soil parameters including organic matter affecting pretilachlor leaching in different paddy fields.

Finding a method, which may indicate the contribution of soil parameters including organic matter, pH and clay to pretilachlor leaching (persistence) in the soil, with the use of a suitable indicator, which indicates pretilachlor presence in the soil is of significance. Accordingly, using undisturbed soil columns, four paddy fields (A, B, C, D) in the suburbs of Babol city (Mazandaran province, northern Iran) were sampled before the preparation and irrigation of the fields in April 2021. Soil samples were transferred into PVC pipes (divided into 2 cm layers) measuring 12 (height) × 10 cm (diameter), and were injected with pretilachlor at the recommended (1.75 L/ha) and high doses (3.5 L/ha). The surface layers of all fields had a higher concentration of pretilachlor and organic matter with the highest contribution to pretilachlor persistence followed by clay and pH. In the 0-4 cm depth, herbicide concertation was the lowest in field A (139 mg/kg) and the highest in field C (161 mg/kg). The corresponding values for organic matter were equal to 1.88 and 5.68%, respectively. The bioassay of rice (the indicator plant), with a significant correlation with chemical analysis results, indicated field A and field C had the pretilachlor infiltration of 6 and 4 cm, respectively. Accordingly, rice is a suitable plant indicator for measuring the presence of pretilachlor as examining its shoot length is a good criterion for bioassay. Additionally, changes in the amount of organic matter in different soil layers can be used to predict the leaching level of pretilachlor.

Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram in Wild Rooks ( Corvus frugilegus ).

To describe the normal electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns and values in unanesthetized rooks ( Corvus frugilegus ), standard bipolar (I, II, and III) and augmented unipolar limb (aVR, aVL, and aVF) lead ECGs were recorded from 10 clinically healthy wild rooks. Wave forms were analyzed in all leads at 50 mm/s and at 10 mm = 1 mV to determine PR, QRS, ST, and QT durations; the net QRS complex; and P and T amplitudes. The polarity of each waveform was tabulated in all leads. The mean electrical axis (MEA) for the frontal plane was counted by using leads II and III. The mean heart rate was 340 ± 18 beats/min. The P wave was mainly positive in the most leads. The dominant pattern of waveforms of the QRS complexes was QS in leads II, III, and aVF, whereas in leads aVR and aVL, the patterns were rS and R, respectively. The T wave was positive in leads II, III, aVF, and aVL and negative in lead aVR. The mean of the heart MEA was -93 ± 2.2. Interpretation of the ECG values and patterns in rooks may facilitate a better realization of ECG changes of abnormalities in this species.