Effect of antithyroid drugs on the occurrence of antibodies against type 2 deiodinase (DIO2), which are involved in hyperthyroid Graves' disease influencing the therapeutic efficacy.

Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter and autoantibodies against TSH receptor, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg). Graves' hyperthyroidism is characterized by T3 dominance due to the conversion of T4 into T3 through type 1 and 2 deiodinase enzymes (DIO1, DIO2). Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) therapies inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis blocking the activity of deiodinase and TPO enzymes. The study investigated the occurrence of autoantibodies against DIO2 peptides (cys- and hom-peptides) with the effect of antithyroid drugs on their frequencies in 78 patients with Graves' disease and 30 controls. In hyperthyroidism, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies was as follows: 20 and 11 cases out of 51 for cys- and hom-peptide antibodies, respectively, of whom 8 cases possessed antibodies against both peptides. Antithyroid drugs differently influenced their frequencies, which were greater in PTU than in MMI (3/6 vs 13/45 cases, P < 0.016 for cys- and 0/6 vs 2/45 cases for hom-peptide antibodies). Antibodies against both peptides demonstrated more reduced levels of anti-TPO (P < 0.003) and anti-Tg antibodies (P < 0.002) compared with those without peptide antibodies. PTU compared with MMI increased the levels of TSH receptor antibodies (32.5 UI/l vs 2.68 IU/l, P < 0.009). MMI treatment led to more reduced FT3 levels and FT3/FT4 ratios in hyperthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy (P < 0.028 for FT3, P < 0.007 for FT3/FT4 ratio). In conclusion, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies is connected to Graves' hyperthyroidism influencing the levels of antibodies against TPO, Tg and TSH receptor, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of antithyroid drugs.

Hyperthyroidism in Patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy, and Thyroidal, Skeletal and Eye Muscle Specific Type 2 Deiodinase Enzyme Activities.

Graves' ophthalmopathy is characterized by hyperthyroidism, which is associated with higher serum T3 levels than T4 due to deiodinase enzymes.The effect of Graves' patient's sera (n=52) with elevated thyroid hormone and TSH receptor or thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) levels was investigated on thyroidal, skeletal and eye muscle type 2 deiodinase enzyme (DII) activities. DII activities were measured with 125I-T4 substrate, while thyroid hormone and antibody levels with immunoassays.In Graves' ophthalmopathy, sera with elevated FT4 or FT3 levels reduced DII activites remarkably in all tissue fractions. Thyroidal DII activities were lower than those using eye muscle fraction (0.6±0.22 vs 1.14±0.43 pmol/mg/min, P<0.006). Effect of sera with increased FT3 levels demonstrated also reduced DII activities in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy after methimazole therapy compared to those who had no ophthalmopathy (2.88±2 vs 20.42±11.82 pmol/mg/min, P<0.006 for thyroidal fraction, 4.07±2.72 vs 29.22±15.46 pmol/mg/min, P<0.004 for skeletal muscle, 5.3±3.47 vs 37.87±18.82 pmol/mg/min, P<0.003 for eye muscle). Hyperthyroid sera with TSH receptor antibodies resulted in increased DII activities, while sera with anti-TPO antibodies were connected to lower DII activities in Graves' ophthalmopathy.In summary, the actions of hyperthyroid sera derived from patients with Graves' disease were tested on tissue-specific DII activities. Elevated FT4 level-induced DII inactivation is present in Graves' ophthalmopathy, which seems to be also present at the beginning of methimazole therapy. Stimulating TSH receptor antibiodies increased DII activities via their nongenomic effects using sera of hyperthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy, but anti-TPO antibodies could influence DII activities via altering FT4 levels.

High prevalence of increased interleukin-17A serum levels in postmenopausal estrogen deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency is associated with chronic inflammatory events that cause cardiovascular and osteoporosis diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-17 and serum estradiol levels, age, and postmenopausal duration, as well as bone loss. METHODS: The relationship between serum IL-17A and estradiol levels was studied in 72 postmenopausal women and 22 premenopausal women. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemiluminescence were used to detect IL-17A and estradiol, respectively. RESULTS: Estradiol levels were significantly higher and IL-17A levels were significantly lower in premenopausal women compared with postmenopausal women (estradiol: 239.44 [226.17] vs 74.21 [4.44] pmol/L, P < 0.0001; IL-17A: 2.88 [0.08] vs 3.5 [0.56] ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Seventy-eight of 94 women had lower estradiol levels (<83 pmol/L) with elevated IL-17A levels, in comparison with 16 women who had normal estrogen levels (3.43 [0.56] vs 3.01 [0.38] ng/mL, P < 0.0001). IL-17A levels inversely correlated with the total lumbar T-scores calculated in all women (P < 0.0001). IL-17A levels showed age-related dependency and a remarkable association with the postmenopausal period (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate a high prevalence of increased serum IL-17A levels in postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, which can play an inducing role in chronic inflammatory events such as bone loss.