Outcomes for potentially Resectable patients undergoing primary chemoradiation treatment for T1-T2 HPV Negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Transoral surgical resectability (TOS) is a prognostic factor for patients with HPV+ T1-2 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) disease undergoing radiotherapy (RT), but it is unclear whether this holds for HPV-negative (HPV-) patients. We aimed to compare outcomes of potential TOS-candidates vs. non-TOS candidates, among patients who underwent RT/CRT for early T-stage HPV- OPSCC. METHODS: For patients treated with RT/CRT for early T-stage HPV-negative OPSCC between 2014 and 2021, pretreatment imaging was reviewed by four head-and-neck surgeons, masked to clinical outcomes, to assess primary-site suitability for TOS. Extracapsular extension (ECE) was assessed by a head-and-neck neuroradiologist. We compared outcomes based on surgical resectability relating to: (1) the primary site tumor alone, and (2) the primary site plus the absence/presence of ECE (overall assessment). Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Seventy patients were included in the analysis. The primary site was TOS-favorable in 46/70 (66%). Based on the overall assessment, 41/70 (58.6%) were TOS-favorable. The 3-year OS, DSS and PFS for primary site TOS-favorable versus unfavorable were OS: 76.9% versus 37.4%; DSS: 78.1% versus 46.2%, PFS: 69.9% versus 41.3%, (log-rank test = 0.01, 0.03, 0.04; respectively). Additionally, patients with an overall assessment of TOS favorability demonstrated better survival outcomes compared with TOS-unfavorable patients (OS: 77.3% vs. 46.2%; DSS: 78.2% vs. 56.5%, PFS: 72.3% vs. 42.1%, log-rank test = 0.01, 0.04, 0.01; respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with TOS-favorable HPV-negative early T-stage OPSCC have superior survival outcomes than TOS-unfavorable patients.

Predictions for Three-Month Postoperative Vocal Recovery after Thyroid Surgery from Spectrograms with Deep Neural Network.

Despite the lack of findings in laryngeal endoscopy, it is common for patients to undergo vocal problems after thyroid surgery. This study aimed to predict the recovery of the patient's voice after 3 months from preoperative and postoperative voice spectrograms. We retrospectively collected voice and the GRBAS score from 114 patients undergoing surgery with thyroid cancer. The data for each patient were taken from three points in time: preoperative, and 2 weeks and 3 months postoperative. Using the pretrained model to predict GRBAS as the backbone, the preoperative and 2-weeks-postoperative voice spectrogram were trained for the EfficientNet architecture deep-learning model with long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict the voice at 3 months postoperation. The correlation analysis of the predicted results for the grade, breathiness, and asthenia scores were 0.741, 0.766, and 0.433, respectively. Based on the scaled prediction results, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the binarized grade, breathiness, and asthenia were 0.894, 0.918, and 0.735, respectively. In the follow-up test results for 12 patients after 6 months, the average of the AUC values for the five scores was 0.822. This study showed the feasibility of predicting vocal recovery after 3 months using the spectrogram. We expect this model could be used to relieve patients' psychological anxiety and encourage them to actively participate in speech rehabilitation.

Care and Management of Voice Change in Thyroid Surgery: Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics Clinical Practice Guideline.

Voice change is a common complaint after thyroid surgery and has a significant impact on quality of life. The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics assembled a task force to establish guideline recommendations on education, care, and management related to thyroid surgery. The guideline recommendations encompass preoperative voice education, management of anticipated voice change during surgery, and comprehensive voice care after thyroid surgery, and include in-depth information and up-to-date knowledge based on validated literature. The committee constructed 14 key questions (KQs) in three categories-preoperative (KQ 1-2), intraoperative (KQ 3-8), and postoperative (KQ 9-14) management-and developed 18 evidence-based recommendations. The Delphi survey reached an agreement on each recommendation. A detailed evidence profile is presented for each recommendation. The level of evidence for each recommendation was classified as high-quality, moderate-quality, or low-quality. The strength of each recommendation was designated as strong or weak considering the level of evidence supporting the recommendation. The guidelines are primarily targeted toward physicians who treat thyroid surgery patients and speech-language pathologists participating in patient care. These guidelines will also help primary care physicians, nurses, healthcare policymakers, and patients improve their understanding of voice changes and voice care after thyroid surgery.

Real-Time Light-Guided Vocal Fold Injection: An In Vivo Feasibility Study in a Canine Model.

OBJECTIVES: The transcutaneous approach is a good option for office-based vocal fold injection (VFI). However, precise localization requires extensive experience because the needle tip is invisible in small and complex laryngeal spaces. Recently, real-time light-guided VFI (RL-VFI) was proposed as a new technique that allows simultaneous injection under precise needle localization by light guidance. Herein, we aimed to verify the feasibility of RL-VFI in an in vivo canine model and explored its clinical usefulness. METHODS: The device for RL-VFI comprised a light source (light-emitting diode modules [10 W] of red color [650 nm]) and injectors (1.5 inches, 23 gauge). An adult male beagle was used for the experiment. After tracheostomy, a rigid laryngoscope was inserted and suspended to expose the larynx. A flexible naso-laryngoscopy system was used to visualize the vocal folds. RESULTS: RL-VFI was performed using various transcutaneous approaches, including the cricothyroid, transthyroid, and transhyoid approaches. Light guidance helped identify the path of the needle and prevent inadvertent penetration. The location of the needle tip was accurately indicated by the light. The illuminated needle could be easily placed at the intended points in the vocal fold with real-time visual-motor feedback. Hyaluronic acid could be simultaneously injected lateral to the vocal process under light guidance without manipulation of the device. CONCLUSION: RL-VFI was found to be safe and feasible in an in vivo canine model, providing precise localization and visualmotor feedback. The clinical application of RL-VFI is expected to improve the safety and precision of VFI.

Real-time light-guided vocal fold injection as a simulation-based training tool.

OBJECTIVE: Cricothyroid (CT) approach for vocal fold injection (VFI) has advantages of a low complication rate, suitability for in-office practice, and good patient compliance. However, it requires a high level of experience and a steep learning curve due to invisibility of needle. Recently, real-time light-guided VFI (RL-VFI) was developed for safe and precise injection into laryngeal structures under light guidance. Herein, we describe the development of a simulation-based training (SBT) program using RL-VFI for CT approach and report its preliminary application with in-training otolaryngologists. METHODS: The workshop comprised 3 sessions: mini-lectures, and two hands-on training courses of conventional VFI and RL-VFI. Excised canine larynges and the device for RL-VFI were prepared for hands-on courses. Comfort levels for VFI was evaluated using visual analogue scale after each session. Trainees were requested to identify the needle tip on the target point lateral to vocal process. The time (s) to reach the target point was measured in all procedures. After workshop, all participants filled out questionnaires regarding their future preference for conventional VFI and RL-VFI. RESULTS: Eleven otolaryngology residents participated in the study. The mean comfort levels were 1.7 ±â€¯1.6, 5.5 ±â€¯2.6, 4.8 ±â€¯1.7, and 7.5 ±â€¯1.6 for pre-workshop, post-lecture, post-conventional VFI, and post-RL-VFI (P < .001). The mean time (s) to reach the target point were 146.4 ±â€¯90.1 and 42.7 ±â€¯40.5 for conventional VFI and RL-VFI (P = .004). The mean preference scores were 4.2 ±â€¯1.3 and 8.7 ±â€¯1.3 for conventional VFI and RL-VFI (P = .004). CONCLUSION: SBT program using RL-VFI might improve the comfort levels of trainees for VFI with CT approach. It would be helpful for trainees to practice VFI before trying it on actual patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

The Korean Version of the Voice Symptom Scale for Patients with Thyroid Operation, and Its Use in a Validation and Reliability Study.

OBJECTIVES: The Voice Symptom Scale (VoiSS) questionnaire is a self-reported measure of voice function. Compared with previous voice-rating tools, the VoiSS focuses more on communication difficulties, pharyngeal symptoms, and psychosocial distress. This study aimed to translate the VoiSS into the Korean language, validate it, and assess its reliability. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective patient study utilizing questionnaires and acoustic analysis. METHODS: A recognized methodology was used to translate the questionnaires. The final Korean version was used in 31 patients scheduled for thyroidectomy between November 2013 and February 2015 for preoperative voice assessment, and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. The participants included had no specific vocal disorders before surgery and no vocal cord paralysis after surgery, and completed the Korean versions of the VoiSS and Voice Handicap Index (VHI), and acoustic analysis. RESULTS: The Korean version of the VoiSS demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.97) and test-retest reliability of its subscales. There was a significant correlation between the VoiSS and VHI scores in the total thyroidectomy group at each time-point. With regard to subjective symptoms, the VoiSS appeared to be more accurate than the VHI in terms of physical and functional subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The Korean version of the VoiSS is ready for use for the assessment of voice dysfunction in Korean patients. It is an applicable and useful supplementary tool for evaluating patients' perceptions of voice dysfunction after thyroidectomy, for identifying multiple factors affecting patients' voices, and for measuring treatment efficacy before and after therapeutic intervention.

Glomangiopericytoma of the Spinal Cord.

Glomangiopericytoma, also referred to as a hemangiopericytoma-like tumor or sinonasal type hemangiopericytoma, is a rare tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus that has never been reported in the spinal cord. Here, we report a case of a 47-year-old man who developed glomangiopericytoma in the thoracic spine. This lesion showed a heterogeneous high signal intensity compared to the spinal cord on a T2-weighted image and an easily enhanced isointense signal on a T1-weighted image.

Selective embolization for hypervascular metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer: a case series.

INTRODUCTION: The technique of selective embolization has been applied for years in the treatment of vascular anomalies, severe hemorrhage, and for benign and malignant tumors. Some hypervascular skeletal metastases are prone to massive hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the cases of two patients with thyroid carcinoma presenting with neuromuscular symptoms due to large skeletal metastases in the shoulder and sternum respectively. Pre-operative percutaneous selective catheterizations of the arteries feeding the metastatic tumors were performed, followed by infusion of gelfoam. The procedures were technically successful in both patients without adverse effects or bleeding. Complete resections of the skeletal metastases were then performed without substantial bleeding. CONCLUSION: Selective embolization is an effective treatment for bony metastases from thyroid cancer.

Effectiveness of an i-PTH measurement in predicting post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia: prospective controlled study.

PURPOSE: Hypocalcemia is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether measurement of intact parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) level in thyroidectomy patients could predict hypocalcemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Serum concentration of i-PTH, total calcium (Ca), ionized calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (P), magnesium (Mg), and albumin were measured preoperatively and at 0 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: 108 patients were recruited to the study. A total of 50 patients (46%) experienced hypocalcemia. The serum i-PTH concentration was linearly related to the time of measurement, while concentrations of P, Mg, albumin, Ca, and Ca2+ were not. We compared odds ratios, and found that the concentration of i-PTH at 6 hours post operation was the most closely related to the occurrence of hypocalcemic symptom. On ROC analysis using i-PTH level at 6 hours, an i-PTH level of 10.6 mg/dL was found to maximize both sensitivity and specificity at the same time point. CONCLUSION: We found that i-PTH was a predictor of hypocalcemia, and that the earliest predictor of hypocalcemic symptoms was an i-PTH concentration lower than 10.6 mg/dL obtained 6 hours after total thyroidectomy.

Synchronous plexiform neurofibroma in the arytenoids and neurofibroma in the parapharynx in a patient with non-neurofibromatosis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Plexiform neurofibroma of the larynx is a rare disease. In this report, we present a plexiform neurofibroma in the arytenoids and neurofibroma in the parapharynx detected coincidently. CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old Asian woman presented with respiratory distress and episodes of apnea at night. A solitary mass from the left arytenoids was found to be nearly obstructing the airway and causing the sleep apnea. There was also a parapharynx mass protruding into the pharynx. The parapharynx tumor was removed with the lateral incision approach, and the arytenoid tumor was removed with a transoral carbon dioxide laser. The pathologic diagnosis was plexiform neurofibroma for the arytenoid mass and neurofibroma for the parapharynx mass. CONCLUSION: We have reported an extremely rare case of plexiform neurofibroma in the arytenoids and neurofibroma in the parapharynx. This entity may be considered in the differential diagnosis of all laryngeal and parapharynx masses.

Comparison of natural drainage group and negative drainage groups after total thyroidectomy: prospective randomized controlled study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare a negative pressure drain with a natural drain in order to determine whether a negative pressure drainage tube causes an increase in the drainage volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) were enrolled in the study between March 2010 and August 2010 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. The patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to two groups, a negative pressure drainage group (n=32) and natural drainage group (n=30). Every 3 hours, the volume of drainage was checked in the two groups until the tube was removed. RESULTS: The amount of drainage during the first 24 hours postoperatively was 41.68 ± 3.93 mL in the negative drain group and 25.3 ± 2.68 mL in the natural drain group (p<0.001). After 24 additional hours, the negative drain group was 35.19 ± 4.26 mL and natural drain groups 21.53 ± 2.90 mL (p<0.001). However, the drainage at postoperative day 3 was not statistically different between the two groups. In addition, the vocal cord palsy and temporary and permanent hypocalcemia were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a negative pressure drain may increase the amount of drainage during the first 24-48 hours postoperatively. Therefore, it is not necessary to place a closed suction drain when only a total thyroidectomy is done.

Analysis of clinical feature and management of laryngeal fracture: recent 22 case review.

PURPOSE: Laryngeal fracture is rare, but complications are frequent and severe. Controversy still exists in regards to its proper management. The aim of this study was to present the clinical findings and management of laryngeal fracture in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the medical records of 22 patients with laryngeal fracture at a tertiary care trauma center from 2000 to 2010 retrospectively. RESULTS: In total, 22 patients (19 men and 3 woman) presented with laryngeal fractures caused by blunt (n=13) or penetrating (n=9) injury. Pain (68.1%), odynophagia (68.1%), hoarseness (18.1%), hemoptysis (13.6%), and subcutaneous emphysema (9%) were the common presenting symptoms and noncomminuted fracture was common. High velocity blunt trauma (mostly traffic accidents) patients had more extensive injury and poor voice outcomes. Penetrating trauma patients due to physical assault or suicide attempt demonstrated more frequently injuries on the left side. CONCLUSION: In driver-caused traffic accidents, where injuries in a wide area within the larynx occurred, poor voice results were seen, and these injuries required aggressive treatment. When endotracheal intubation was performed at experienced emergency centers with fiberoptic laryngoscopes, airway management was safely achieved. In addition, if the fractured laryngeal framework was corrected at appropriate times, voice results were good.

Lingual squamous cell carcinoma surrounded by granular cell tumor.

The granular cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon, benign lesion with a preference for subcutaneous sites. In the head and neck, the tongue is the most common site, followed by the larynx. We experienced a case of a 27-year-old woman with lingual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) surrounded by GCT. The pathological findings established that the lesion was SCC covered by GCT in the midline of the tongue. The size of the mass was very small, however, so we excised it in a diamond shape. There is an interesting association between GCTs and other malignant neoplasms. However, no causal relationship between GCT and these other carcinomas has been established. Here we report on an SCC coexisting with GCT at the same site as a median tongue lesion and review the literature.

Toxic effects of mercuric sulfide on immune organs in mice.

Mercuric sulfide (HgS) is a major component of cinnabar, which has been used as a sedative drug in China for more than 2000 years. Because its toxicological effects are still unclear, we attempted to verify the toxic effects of HgS, focused on liver and immune organs such as the spleen and thymus. Male ICR mice were administered HgS (0.02, 0.2, 2.0 g/kg/day) by gavage for 4 weeks. During the administration period, HgS-treated mice did not reveal overt signs of clinical toxicity. HgS had no significant effect on body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and organ weights. In spite of its known insolubility, HgS was absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and accumulated in the liver, spleen and thymus in a dose-dependent manner. In the biochemical and histological examination, HgS did not cause hepatotoxicity. However, HgS significantly increased both CD8(+) T lymphocytes and CD4(+)CD8(+) lymphocyte populations in the spleen without changing in the thymus. In the histological evaluation, HgS induced enlargement with marked hyperplasia and increase of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. In addition, HgS induced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spleen and thymus. Our results suggest that insoluble HgS was absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, accumulated in the spleen and thymus, and thus could affect immune systems.

Perfluorooctanoic acid alters T lymphocyte phenotypes and cytokine expression in mice.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been used in commercial applications and detected in environmental matrices. This study focuses on whether PFOA affects the function of immune organs (spleen and thymus). Male ICR mice were exposed to 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 ppm of PFOA in drinking water for 21 days. PFOA differently altered T lymphocyte populations. In the spleen, all doses of PFOA decreased CD8(+) lymphocytes; CD4(+) lymphocytes were increased by 50 and 250 ppm of PFOA. Exposure to 250 ppm of PFOA increased CD8(+) lymphocytes in the thymus. In the histopathological evaluation, the spleen of 250 ppm PFOA-treated groups revealed the increase of lymphoid hyperplasia of white pulp without significant alteration of red pulp. The thymus of 250 ppm PFOA-treated group showed decreased thickness of the cortex and medulla, but lymphoid cells were more densely arranged. PFOA elevated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6) in the spleen, and proto-oncogene, c-myc, in the spleen and thymus. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that PFOA has an immunomodulatory effect by altering T lymphocyte phenotypes and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Flavonoids inhibit histamine release and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells.

Mast cells participate in allergy and inflammation by secreting inflammatory mediators such as histamine and proinflammatory cytokines. Flavonoids are naturally occurring molecules with antioxidant, cytoprotective, and antiinflammatory actions. However, effect of flavonoids on the release of histamine and proinflammatory mediator, and their comparative mechanism of action in mast cells were not well defined. Here, we compared the effect of six flavonoids (astragalin, fisetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin) on the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation. Fisetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin inhibited IgE or phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-mediated histamine release in RBL-2H3 cells. These five flavonoids also inhibited elevation of intracellular calcium. Gene expressions and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 were assessed in PMACI-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). Fisetin, quercetin, and rutin decreased gene expression and production of all the proinflammatory cytokines after PMACI stimulation. Myricetin attenuated TNF-alpha and IL-6 but not IL-1beta and IL-8. Fisetin, myricetin, and rutin suppressed activation of NF-kappaB indicated by inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, NF-kappaB/DNA binding, and NF-kappaB-dependent gene reporter assay. The pharmacological actions of these flavonoids suggest their potential activity for treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases through the down-regulation of mast cell activation.

Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced hepatic toxicity following 21-day oral exposure in mice.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a member of the perfluoroalkyl acids that have wide commercial applications and is a widespread pollutant of toxicological importance that has been detected in environmental matrices. The NOAEL and LOAEL of PFOA in rodent were reported 1 and 10 ppm, respectively. The current study characterizes the hepatic toxicities of PFOA in mice. Male ICR mice were exposed continuously to 0, 2, 10, 50 and 250 ppm of PFOA in drinking water for 21 days. Food and water consumption decreased in mice exposed to 250 ppm of PFOA. Mean body weight gain was reduced in mice exposed to 50 and 250 ppm of PFOA. The size and relative weight of the liver increased dose-dependently in PFOA-treated mice. Serum enzyme activities, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, increased in mice exposed to PFOA in a dose-dependent manner. In the histopathological evaluation, the liver of PFOA-treated mice showed remarkable hepatocytomegaly and acidophilic cytoplasm. At the high doses of PFOA, diffuse hepatic damage by multifocal coagualation and liquefaction necrosis were noted. In contrast to the remarkable change of liver, the kidney had little change. The size and relative weights of the kidney, biomarkers of kidney damage (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), and histopathological changes had no differences between PFOA-untreated and PFOA-treated mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PFOA causes a toxic effect on the liver but not to the kidney.

Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lenses.

Diabetic cataract is an ocular disease represented as blindness by lens opacification. Oxidative as well as osmotic stress caused by accumulation of polyols within the lens has been shown to be associated with glucose-induced cataractogenesis. Taurine has an antioxidant capacity and its level in diabetic cataractous lens is markedly decreased. Therefore, we investigated whether taurine is a part of antioxidative defense mechanism involved in protecting the lens against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and tissue damage. Lenses were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 180-200 g and cultured in high glucose medium (55.6 mM) for 6 d as a model of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis. To investigate the antioxidative effect of taurine, 30 mM taurine was added in normal medium for 2 d before the addition of high glucose. The culture of lenses in high glucose medium increased the weight and opacity of lenses of and the carbonylated protein level, and decreased glutathione (GSH) content. Although there were no significant effects of taurine on the weight or opacity of lenses, pretreatment of lenses with 30 mM taurine significantly reversed the level of protein carbonylation and GSH to those of controls. Therefore, taurine might spare GSH and protect the lens from oxidative stress induced by a high concentration of glucose.