Evaluation of cold atmospheric microwave plasma on skin physiological parameters and tolerability in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) is a promising therapeutic option for treating skin infections and wounds. Changes in biophysical skin parameters and the tolerability in dogs after applying CAMP is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of CAMP on skin biophysical parameters [hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and surface temperature] and tolerability in dogs. ANIMALS: Twenty client-owned dogs with normal skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was performed for 30 s and 1, 2 and 4 min, respectively, at different sites of normal canine skin in the inguinal area. Hydration, TEWL and surface temperature were measured five, three and three times, respectively, before and after CAMP application. After treatment, pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a modified Melbourne Pain Scale and the modified short form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (modified CMPS-SF). RESULTS: Transepidermal water loss values significantly decreased with 4 min of treatment, and hydration decreased significantly with 2 min of treatment. Temperature increased significantly with increasing treatment time. For other parameters, no significant changes were observed. No significant pain response or adverse effects were observed in most dogs, aside from mild erythema in the treatment area after 4 min. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was well-tolerated and did not significantly change canine skin biophysical parameters. CAMP achieves basic recommendations for safe use and is a potential therapeutic option for various skin diseases in dogs.

Contexte - Le CAMP (Cold Atmospheric Microwave Plasma) est une option thérapeutique prometteuse pour le traitement des infections cutanées et des plaies. Les modifications des paramètres biophysiques de la peau et la tolérance chez les chiens après l'application de CAMP sont inconnues. Objectif - Cette étude visait à évaluer les effets in vivo du CAMP sur les paramètres biophysiques de la peau [hydratation, perte d'eau transépidermique (TEWL) et température de surface] et la tolérance chez le chien. Animaux - Vingt chiens de propriétaires à peau normale. Matériels et méthodes - Le traitement CAMP a été effectué pendant 30 s et 1, 2 et 4 min, respectivement, sur différents sites de peau canine normale dans la région inguinale. L'hydratation, la TEWL et la température de surface ont été mesurées cinq, trois et trois fois, respectivement, avant et après l'application de CAMP. Après le traitement, la douleur et les effets indésirables ont été évalués à l'aide d'une échelle de douleur de Melbourne modifiée et de la forme courte modifiée de l'échelle de mesure de la douleur composite de Glasgow (CMPS-SF modifiée). Résultats - Les valeurs de TEWL ont diminué de manière significative après 4 minutes de traitement et l'hydratation a diminué de manière significative après 2 minutes de traitement. La température a augmenté de manière significative avec l'augmentation du temps de traitement. Pour les autres paramètres, aucun changement significatif n'a été observé. Aucune réponse significative à la douleur ni aucun effet indésirable n'ont été observés chez la plupart des chiens, à l'exception d'un léger érythème dans la zone de traitement après 4 minutes. Conclusion et signification clinique - Le traitement CAMP a été bien toléré et n'a pas modifié de manière significative les paramètres biophysiques de la peau canine. CAMP répond aux recommandations de base pour une utilisation sûre et constitue une option thérapeutique potentielle pour diverses maladies de la peau chez les chiens.

Introducción- el plasma de microondas atmosférico frío (CAMP) es una opción terapéutica prometedora para el tratamiento de infecciones y heridas de la piel. Se desconocen los cambios en los parámetros biofísicos de la piel y la tolerabilidad en perros después de aplicar CAMP. Objetivo- este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos in vivo de CAMP en los parámetros biofísicos de la piel [hidratación, pérdida de agua transepidérmica (TEWL) y temperatura superficial] y la tolerabilidad en perros. Animales - Veinte perros de propietarios particulares con piel normal. Materiales y métodos - El tratamiento CAMP se realizó durante 30 s y 1, 2 y 4 min, respectivamente, en diferentes sitios de piel canina normal en el área inguinal. La hidratación, el TEWL y la temperatura superficial se midieron cinco, tres y tres veces, respectivamente, antes y después de la aplicación de CAMP. Después del tratamiento, el dolor y los efectos adversos se evaluaron mediante una escala de dolor de Melbourne modificada y la escala de dolor de medida compuesta de Glasgow de forma abreviada modificada (CMPS-SF modificada). Resultados- los valores de TEWL disminuyeron significativamente con 4 min de tratamiento y la hidratación disminuyó significativamente con 2 min de tratamiento. La temperatura aumentó significativamente con el aumento del tiempo de tratamiento. Para otros parámetros no se observaron cambios significativos. En la mayoría de los perros no se observaron reacciones significativas de dolor ni efectos adversos, aparte de un leve eritema en el área de tratamiento después de 4 min. Conclusión y significado clínico- el tratamiento con CAMP fue bien tolerado y no cambió significativamente los parámetros biofísicos de la piel canina. CAMP obtuvo recomendaciones básicas para un uso seguro y es una opción terapéutica potencial para diversas enfermedades de la piel en perros.

Contexto - O plasma frio atmosférico de micro-ondas (CAMP) é uma opção terapêutica promissora para o tratamento de infecções cutâneas e feridas. Não se sabe a respeito das alterações nos parâmetros biofísicos da pele e a tolerabilidade de cães após a aplicação de CAMP. Objetivo - Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos in vivo de CAMP nos parâmetros biofísicos da pele [hidratação, perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL) e temperatura da superfície] e a tolerabilidade em cães. Materiais e métodos - O tratamento com CAMP foi realizado por 30s e 1, 2 e 4 min, respectivamente, em diferentes locais da pele canina normal na região inguinal. Hidratação, TEWL e temperatura da superfície foram medidas cinco, três e três vezes, respectivamente, antes e após a aplicação do CAMP. Após o tratamento, a dor e os efeitos adversos foram avaliados usando uma escala de dor de Melbourne modificada e a escala de medida composta de dor de Glasgow modificada (CMPS-SF modificada). Resultados - Os valores de TEWL reduziram significativamente com o tratamento de 4 min, e a hidratação reduziu significativamente com dois minutos de tratamento. A temperatura aumentou significativamente com o aumento do tempo de tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações significativas para outros parâmetros. Não se observou uma resposta de dor significativa ou efeitos adversos na maioria dos cães, além de eritema leve na área tratada após 4 min. Conclusão e significância clínica - O tratamento com CAMP foi bem tolerado e não alterou significativamente os parâmetros biofísicos da pele canina. CAMP requer recomendações básicas de segurança na sua utilização e é uma opção terapêutica potencial para várias dermatopatias em cães.

[Thrombectomy of Femoro-Femoral Bypass Graft Occlusion Using the AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy System and Embolic Protection Device: A Case Report]. / 대퇴-대퇴동맥 우회 인조혈관 폐색에서 AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy Systemê³¼ ìƒ‰ì „ë³´í˜¸ê¸°êµ¬ë¥¼ 이용한 í˜ˆì „ì œê±°ìˆ : 증례 ë³´ê³ .

The authors report a successful thrombectomy using the AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy System (AngioJet) and an embolic protection device in a patient with femorofemoral bypass graft occlusion. Lower extremity CT angiograms showed occlusion in the left-to-right femorofemoral bypass graft. A rheolytic thrombectomy using the AngioJet and balloon angioplasty restored blood flow to the right lower extremity, and distal embolization may be effectively prevented by placing an embolic protection device within the right superficial femoral artery during the procedure.

Preoperative CT anthropometric measurements and pancreatic pathology increase risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula in patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a common complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, risk factors for this complication remain controversial. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 107 patients who underwent PD. POPF was diagnosed in strict accordance with the definition of the 2016 update of pancreatic fistula from the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for POPF. A total of 19 (17.8%) subjects of pancreatic fistula occurred after PD, including 15 (14.1%) with grade B POPF and 4 (3.7%) with grade C POPF. There were 33 (30.8%) patients with biochemical leak. Risk factors for POPF (grade B and C) were larger area of visceral fat (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; p = 0.040) and pathology other than pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatitis (OR, 12.45; p = 0.017) in the multivariate regression analysis. This result could assist the surgeon to identify patients at a high risk of developing POPF.

Outcome of Percutaneous Intervention in Dysfunctional Loop versus Straight Arteriovenous Grafts in Hemodialysis Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the patency control of dysfunctioning forearm arteriovenous graft (AVG) using percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in patients with loop versus straight grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2012 and March 2017, hemodialysis patients with forearm AVG were treated with PTA at two hospitals. We reviewed technical and clinical success rates of each procedure. Procedure time and patency of the graft were compared for all patients as well as for subgroups of stenosis only and thrombosis using paired-sample t-test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients (mean age, 62.11 ± 11.85 years) underwent PTA. Thirty-eight patients (58%) had loop grafts and 28 (42%) had straight grafts. Among 66 patients, 54 (82%) had thrombosis. Technical success rate was 95.5% (only stenosis: 100%; thrombosis: 94%) and the mean procedure time was 48.00 ± 16.75 minutes in all patients. Although there was a tendency towards shorter procedure time in patients with loop grafts (45.24 ± 20.24 minutes) than those with straight grafts (51.85 ± 22.76 minutes), the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.217), with or without thrombi. There was no statistical significance in primary and assisted primary patency (log rank 0.78, p = 0.38 in primary patency; log rank 0.88, p = 0.35 in assisted primary patency). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests there is no different patency outcome between straight and loop arteriovenous grafts after PTA.

In vitro antibacterial activity of the manuka essential oil from Leptospermum scoparium combined with Tris-EDTA against Gram-negative bacterial isolates from dogs with otitis externa.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria in dogs with otitis externa has led to a need for novel therapeutic agents. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: To examine the antibacterial effects of manuka oil combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tromethamine (Tris-EDTA) against Gram-negative bacteria isolates from dogs with otitis externa. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 53 clinical isolates including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion; the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of manuka essential oil, with or without Tris-EDTA, were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 44 isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 19 strains were multidrug-resistant, with resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes. The MICs and MBCs of manuka oil alone were ≥1% (v/v) and ≥2% (v/v), respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of Tris-EDTA (1.125:0.3 mg/mL) without manuka oil. However, the combination of manuka oil with Tris-EDTA significantly decreased the MICs (ranging from 0.06% to 0.5%, v/v; P < 0.001) and MBCs (ranging from 0.06% to 1%, v/v; P < 0.001). There also was no significant difference between multidrug-resistant and nonresistant bacterial isolates in terms of the antimicrobial activity of manuka oil with Tris-EDTA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The study findings suggest that manuka oil, especially when combined with Tris-EDTA, may be a promising alternative therapeutic option for Gram-negative otic pathogens. Clinical studies are needed to assess potential for in vivo ototoxic effects and efficacy.

CT Angiographic Evaluation of Congenital Anastomoses between Femoropopliteal Vein and Deep Femoral Vein: Types and Incidence.

PURPOSE: To evaluate congenital anastomotic channels between femoropopliteal veins and deep femoral veins with the use of computed tomographic (CT) venography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT venography of 488 limbs in 244 patients (105 men; mean age, 61 y; age range, 18-96 y) performed between January 2016 and December 2016 was retrospectively evaluated. The presence or absence of anastomotic channels (> 3 mm in diameter) connecting a femoropopliteal vein to a deep femoral vein was determined, and the observed channels were classified based on their location and course. RESULTS: Two types of anastomotic channels were observed in 32 patients (13%): a persistent sciatic vein (PSV) in 24 limbs of 15 patients (6%) and a retrofemoral channel (RFC) in 22 limbs of 19 patients (8%). A PSV anastomosed with the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa, coursed posterior to the adductor magnus muscle, and drained into the deep femoral vein. An RFC anastomosed with the femoral vein at the level of the adductor hiatus, coursed posterior to the femoral shaft, and drained into the deep femoral vein. PSVs and RFCs were of similar size or larger than adjacent femoropopliteal veins in 50% (12 of 24) and 22% of limbs (4 of 22), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anastomotic channels connecting a femoropopliteal vein to a deep femoral vein are not a rare variation and may have an important role in collateral venous drainage of the lower extremities.

Retrospective Study Using Computed Tomography to Compare Sufficient Chest Compression Depth for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Obese Patients.

Background This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and sufficient chest compression depth (CCD) in obese patients by a mathematical model. Methods and Results This retrospective analysis was performed with chest computed tomography images conducted between 2006 and 2018. We classified the selected individuals into underweight (<18.5), normal weight (≥18.5, <25), overweight (≥25, <30), and obese (≥30) groups according to BMI (kg/m2). We defined heart compression fraction (HCF) as [Formula: see text] and estimated under-HCF (the value of HCF <20%), and over-HCF (the residual depth <2 cm after simulation with chest compression depth 5 and 6 cm). We compared these outcomes between BMI groups. Of 30 342 individuals, 8856 were selected and classified into 4 BMI groups from a database. We randomly selected 100 individuals in each group and analyzed a total of 400 individuals' cases. Higher BMI groups had a significantly decreased HCF with both 5 and 6 cm depth (P<0.001). The proportion of under-HCF with both depths increased according to BMI group, whereas the proportion of over-HCF decreased except for the 5 cm depth (P<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio of under-HCF, according to BMI group after adjustment of age and sex, was 7.325 (95% CI, 3.412-15.726; P<0.001), with 5 cm and 10.517 (95% CI, 2.353-47.001; P=0.002) with 6 cm depth, respectively. Conclusions The recommended chest compression depth of 5 to 6 cm in the current international guideline is unlikely to provide sufficient ejection fraction during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in obese patients.

The Diagnostic Reproducibility of Tomosynthesis for the Correlation between Acromiohumeral Distance and Rotator Cuff Size or Type.

Objective: To correlate the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) using tomosynthesis and rotator cuff (RC) pathology and various anatomical indices and to assess the diagnostic reproducibility of tomosynthesis for the evaluation of subacromial impingement. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 63 patients with clinically suspected subacromial impingement was conducted. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently measured the following quantitative data: the AHD on plain radiographs and the AHD at three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior) using tomosynthesis, computed tomography (CT) arthrography, or magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. To investigate the association between the AHD and RC pathology and various anatomical indices, we reviewed the arthroscopic operation record as the referenced standard. Results: The size of rotator cuff tear (RCT) in full-thickness tears displayed a significant inverse correlation with the middle and the posterior tomosynthetic AHDs (p < 0.05). The results of an ANOVA revealed that the middle tomosynthetic AHD retained a significant association with the type of RCT (p = 0.042), and the posterior tomosynthetic AHD retained significance for the size of RCT in a full-thickness tear (p = 0.024). The inter-modality correlation exhibited significant agreement especially among the plain radiography, tomosynthesis, and CT or MR arthrography (p < 0.05). The intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients (ICCs) displayed excellent agreement (ICC = 0.896-0.983). The humeral head diameter and glenoid height were significantly correlated with patient height and weight. Conclusion: Acromiohumeral distance measurement using tomosynthesis is reproducible compared with other modalities.

Interventional management of central vein occlusion in patients with peripherally inserted central catheter placement.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the incidence of central vein occlusion (CVO) and analyzed the interventional management for CVO during peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement to suggest an adequate management protocol to ensure the success and patency of PICCs. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2568 PICCs to identify CVO in two medical centers between January 2016 and June 2017. Procedural images were reviewed for the following items: date and indication for the PICC; type of catheter; accessed vein and arm; characteristics of CVO on ascending arm venography; PICC placement technique; indwelling period of the PICC; and follow-up records. A guidewire passage trial was performed to the CVO, as follows: a trial with a 0.018-inch single or double guidewire through the pretrimmed PICC lumen; and a trial with a combination of a 0.035-inch guidewire and a curved 5F diagnostic catheter through the PICC introducer sheath. RESULTS: The incidence of CVO was 3.2% (71/2232), and 59 patients were analyzed (23 men; mean age, 69 ± 11 years; median age, 80 years; age range, 31-92 years). Forty-four patients had thrombotic CVO, and 12 patients had acute thrombotic CVO. Thirty-six patients had occlusion of the left innominate vein, and six patients had contiguous involvement of the adjacent central vein. Forty-two patients had obtuse stump morphology of CVO, and 28 patients had grade >III collateral development. The PICC indwelling time was statistically different between the group with successful catheter advancement (n = 36, success group) and the group with failed catheter advancement (n = 18, failure group; P = .007) with ipsilateral trimmed PICCs. Eight patients had a symptomatic catheter associated with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT; <30 days), one in the success group and seven in the failure group. The incidence of catheter-associated UEDVT after primary PICC placement on each arm was statistically different between the success and failure groups (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: A PICC passage trial for ipsilateral CVO is challenging but frequently successful with a simple guidewire technique, which can preserve catheter patency, decrease contralateral arm access, and prevent the development of new catheter-associated UEDVT.

Comparison of optimal point on the sternum for chest compression between obese and normal weight individuals with respect to body mass index, using computer tomography: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal fatty tissue deposition in obese individuals could alter the proper hand position for chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, similar to that in pregnant women. This study aimed to identify the difference in body mass index between obese and normal weight individuals by measuring the optimal point of maximal left ventricular diameter (OPLV), using computed tomography (CT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of chest CT scans between January 2012 and August 2016 and measured the sternal length and OPLV and estimated the ratio of OPLV to that individual sternal length. We also investigated whether OPLV was within the clinically relevant range of 20 mm to the position advised by the Guidelines 2015. We compared these outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: We randomly selected and analysed 50 of 7229 normal weight and 50 of 394 obese individuals from a database. The mean ±â€¯standard deviation of the ratio of OPLV was 22.0 ±â€¯5.7% and 14.8 ±â€¯6.6% of the sternal length, as measured from its most caudal point, respectively, for the obese and normal weight groups (p < 0.001). Both are more caudal than at the middle point of "the lower half of the sternum" as currently recommended. Notably, 96% of the OPLV in the obese group was within ±20 mm of the guideline point versus 52% for normal weight group. CONCLUSION: OPLV on the sternum in obese individuals was more cranial than that in normal weight individuals. The optimal point for chest compression in obese individuals could be slightly more cranial than that in the others.

Clinical Outcomes of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair with the Kilt Technique for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Hostile Aneurysm Neck Anatomy: A Korean Multicenter Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and short-term clinical outcomes of Kilt technique-based endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with Seal® stent-grafts for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with hostile neck anatomy (angle > 60°). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the pre-EVAR and follow-up computed tomography angiography findings of 24 patients (mean age 71 ± 11 years; age range 32-87 years; mean follow-up 50 ± 12 months) with hostile neck AAAs treated between 2010 and 2015. Serial change in aneurysmal neck angle was calculated using a standardized protocol. Relationships between clinical variables and outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses and mixed-model regression. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the cumulative rates of survival, endoleak, and reintervention. RESULTS: The primary technical success rate (success within 24 h after EVAR) was 100% (24/24). The survival rate was 96 ± 8% at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years, and 87 ± 18% at 5 years. Endoleaks occurred in three patients. Four reinterventions were performed in three patients; no surgical revisions were required. Causes of post-EVAR mortality included intracerebral hemorrhage at 14 days and rhabdomyolysis at 32 months. The most remarkable change after Kilt-based EVAR was an acute decrease in the neck angle, which was observed between the pre-EVAR and first follow-up visits (at 1 month) (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Kilt-based EVAR with Seal® stent-grafts for AAAs with a severely angulated neck (angle > 60°) provided high technical success, low mortality, and low complication rates during short-term follow-up.

The blind pushing technique for peripherally inserted central catheter placement through brachial vein puncture.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a prospective clinical trial evaluating the technical feasibility and short-term clinical outcome of the blind pushing technique for placement of pretrimmed peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) through brachial vein access. METHODS: Patients requiring PICC placement at any of the three participating institutions were prospectively enrolled between January and December 2016. The review boards of all participating institutions approved this study, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. PICC placement was performed using the blind pushing technique and primary brachial vein access. The following data were collected from unified case report forms: access vein, obstacles during PICC advancement, procedure time, and postprocedural complications. RESULTS: During the 12-month study period, 1380 PICCs were placed in 1043 patients. Of these, 1092 PICCs placed in 837 patients were enrolled, with 834 PICCs (76%) and 258 PICCs (34%) placed through brachial vein and nonbrachial vein access, respectively. In both arms, obstacles were most commonly noted in the subclavian veins (n = 220) and axillary veins (n = 94). Successful puncture of the access vein was achieved at first try in 1028 PICCs (94%). The technical success rate was 99%, with 1055 PICCs (97%) placed within 120 seconds of procedure time and 1088 PICCs (99%) having the tip located at the ideal position. Follow-up Doppler ultrasound detected catheter-associated upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) for 18 PICCs in 16 patients and late symptomatic UEDVT for 16 PICCs in 16 patients (3.1%). Catheter-associated UEDVT was noted for 28 PICCs (82%) and 6 PICCs (18%) placed through brachial vein and nonbrachial vein access, respectively. The incidence of obstacles and the procedure time (<120 seconds) differed significantly between brachial vein and nonbrachial vein access (P = .001). There was no statistically significant difference between brachial vein and nonbrachial vein access in the incidence of UEDVT (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-3.52; P = .22). CONCLUSIONS: The placement of pretrimmed PICCs by the blind pushing technique and primary brachial vein access is technically feasible and may represent an alternative to the conventional PICC placement technique, having low incidences of UEDVT and other complications, with no significant difference in outcomes between brachial vein and nonbrachial vein access.

Comparison of Heart Proportions Compressed by Chest Compressions Between Geriatric and Nongeriatric Patients Using Mathematical Methods and Chest Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommended that chest compression depths during car-diopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be at least one-fifth of the external chest ante-riorposterior (AP) diameter. The chest AP diameter increases because of dorsal kyphosis, senile emphysema, and poor lung compliance associated with aging. This study aimed to compare the proportion of the heart compressed by chest compression (based on the ejection fraction [EF]) in geriatric and nongeriatric patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the chest computed tomography findings obtained between January 2010 and August 2016 and measured the chest anatomical parameters such as the perpendicular external and internal chest AP diameters with the heart AP diameter. Based on values of these parameters, EFs with 50- and 60-mm depths were obtained. In addition, we investigated and compared the proportion of 50- and 60-mm depths and heart AP to external chest AP diameter between the 2 groups. RESULTS: We randomly selected and analyzed 100 of 1,921 geriatric and 100 of 22,090 nongeriatric populations from a database. The means±standard deviations of EFs with 50- and 60-mm depths for geriatric and nongeriatric people were 37.1%±12.1% vs. 43.2%±13.8% and 47.5%±12.8% vs. 54.6%±14.8%, respectively (all p<0.001). The proportion of 50- and 60-mm depths and heart AP to external chest AP diameter were significantly different between the 2 groups (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Chest compression depths based on current guidelines are not sufficient for geriatric patients during CPR; hence, deeper chest compressions would be considered.

Feasibility of modified Dixon MRI techniques for hepatic fat quantification in hepatic disorders: validation with MRS and histology.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) MRI for estimating hepatic fat fraction with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and histology as references and to investigate intrahepatic fat distribution and variability. METHODS: Between November 2014 and September 2015, 85 adults (48 males, 47 females) who underwent MRI-PDFF (n = 139), MRS-PDFF (n = 49) and liver biopsy (n = 29) were enrolled in this study. Data were compared using linear regression. MRI-PDFF and standard deviations (variability) and differences between maximum and minimum PDFF (PDFF range) for whole liver, the lobes, and segment levels were calculated for each subject. RESULTS: Whole-liver MRI-PDFF showed good correlation with MRS-PDFF (r = 0.961) and histologic degree of hepatic steatosis (σ = 0.809). Hepatic fat fraction is different between lobes and segments. Mean PDFF and mean PDFF range of the right lobe were higher than for the left lobe, whereas variability in the right lobe was lower than in the left lobe. CONCLUSION: MRI-PDFF is an accurate non-invasive method for quantifying hepatic fat for various hepatic disorders, and may be preferable for measuring fat fraction in the right liver for more precise values in longitudinal monitoring, while avoiding FF measurement in the left liver. Advances in knowledge: MRI-PDFF provides a non-invasive and accurate quantification of hepatic steatosis in various hepatic disorders. It would be preferable to measure FF in the right liver than in the left liver.

Meaningful standard of reference for appendiceal perforation: pathology, surgery, or both?

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was aimed to determine if appendiceal perforation identified pathologically but not surgically is clinically meaningful. METHODS: The study consists of 2 parts. First, we reviewed 74 studies addressing appendiceal perforation published in 2012 and 2013. Second, in a cross-sectional study, we classified 1,438 adolescents and adults (mean age, 29.3 ± 8.4 years; 785 men) with confirmed appendicitis as "nonperforation" (n = 1,083, group 1), "pathologically-identified perforation" (n = 55, group 2), "surgically-identified perforation" (n = 202, group 3), or "pathologically- and surgically-identified perforation" (n = 98, group 4). The 4 groups were compared for the frequency of laparoscopic appendectomy and the length of hospital stay using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The reference standard for appendiceal perforation was frequently missing or inconsistent in the previous studies. Laparoscopic appendectomies were less frequent in groups 3 (52.5%, P = 0.001) and 4 (65%, P = 0.040) than in group 1 (70.7%), while group 2 (73%, P = 0.125) did not significantly differ from group 1. Median hospital stays were 2.9, 3.0, 5.1, and 6.0 days for groups 1-4, respectively. Prolonged hospital stay (≥3.7 days) was more frequent in groups 3 (77.7%, P < 0.001) and 4 (89%, P < 0.001) than in group 1 (23.4%), while group 2 (35%, P = 0.070) did not significantly differ from group 1. CONCLUSION: We recommend using surgical rather than pathologic findings as the reference standard for the presence of appendiceal perforation in future investigations.

Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection as a Cause of Acute Renal Infarction: Clinical and MDCT Findings.

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) as a cause of acute renal infarction, and to evaluate the clinical and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings of SRAD. From November 2011 to January 2014, 35 patients who were diagnosed with acute renal infarction by MDCT were included. We analyzed the 35 MDCT data sets and medical records retrospectively, and compared clinical and imaging features of SRAD with an embolism, using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test. The most common cause of acute renal infarction was an embolism, and SRAD was the second most common cause. SRAD patients had new-onset hypertension more frequently than embolic patients. Embolic patients were found to have increased C-reactive protein (CRP) more often than SRAD patients. Laboratory results, including tests for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the BUN/creatinine ratio (BCR) were significantly higher in embolic patients than SRAD patients. Bilateral renal involvement was detected in embolic patients more often than in SRAD patients. MDCT images of SRAD patients showed the stenosis of the true lumen, due to compression by a thrombosed false lumen. None of SRAD patients progressed to an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or to end-stage renal disease during the follow-up period. SRAD is not a rare cause of acute renal infarction, and it has a benign clinical course. It should be considered in a differential diagnosis of acute renal infarction, particularly in patients with new-onset hypertension, unilateral renal involvement, and normal ranges of CRP, LDH, BUN, and BCR.

Lymphatic Embolization for the Treatment of Pelvic Lymphoceles: Preliminary Experience in Five Patients.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess the outcome of lymphatic embolization in the treatment of pelvic lymphoceles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2014 to December 2015, a retrospective analysis was performed in 5 consecutive female patients (mean age, 54.6 y; range, 45-65 y) who underwent lymphangiography for the management of symptomatic pelvic lymphoceles that developed after gynecologic surgery. Sclerotherapy had failed in 4 patients. Lymphangiography was performed through an inguinal lymph node to reveal disrupted lymphatic vessels draining into the lymphocele. This inflow vessel was targeted with a fine needle, and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) was injected. Outcomes and complications were assessed by reviewing electronic medical records and computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: Lymphangiography revealed disrupted lymphatic vessels draining into the lymphocele in all patients. A single inflow vessel was seen in 3 patients and was subsequently embolized. Catheters were successfully removed upon decrease of drainage. Multiple inflow vessels were seen in the remaining 2 patients. Therapeutic effect was anticipated in 1 patient after lymphangiography alone, whereas only the dominant feeding vessel was embolized in the other. The initial procedures failed in both patients, prompting repeat embolization with adjunctive sclerotherapy. Both patients showed improvement and had their catheters removed. Follow-up CT was available in 3 patients. Two patients showed complete regression of lymphoceles, and 1 showed an asymptomatic lymphocele. No procedure-related complications occurred during a mean follow-up period of 35 weeks (range, 2-73 wk). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphatic intervention was technically feasible in treating lymphoceles. However, those with multiple inflow vessels were relatively difficult to treat.

Comparison of Iohexol-380 and Iohexol-350 for Coronary CT Angiography: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Phase 3 Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This multi-center, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of contrast agents iohexol-380 and iohexol-350 for coronary CT angiography in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteers were randomized to receive 420 mgI/kg of either iohexol-350 or iohexol-380 using a flow rate of 4 mL/sec. All adverse events were recorded. Two blinded readers independently reviewed the CT images and conflicting results were resolved by a third reader. Luminal attenuations (ascending aorta, left main coronary artery, and left ventricle) in Hounsfield units (HUs) and image quality on a 4-point scale were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 225 subjects were given contrast media (115 with iohexol-380 and 110 with iohexol-350). There was no difference in number of adverse drug reactions between groups: 75 events in 56 (48.7%) of 115 subjects in the iohexol-380 group vs. 74 events in 51 (46.4%) of 110 subjects in the iohexol-350 group (p = 0.690). No severe adverse drug reactions were recorded. Neither group showed an increase in serum creatinine. Significant differences in mean density between the groups was found in the ascending aorta: 375.8 ± 71.4 HU with iohexol-380 vs. 356.3 ± 61.5 HU with iohexol-350 (p = 0.030). No significant differences in image quality scores between both groups were observed for all three anatomic evaluations (all, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Iohexol-380 provides improved enhancement of the ascending aorta and similar attenuation of the coronary arteries without any increase in adverse drug reactions, as compared with iohexol-350 using an identical amount of total iodine.

Characteristics of Coronary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistula on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula (CPAF) found by coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography. METHODS: Among 10,121 cases of coronary CT angiography performed for 7 years, we found 32 cases of CPAF. We retrospectively evaluated the demographics, clinical symptoms, and anatomical characteristics such as the origin, number of origins, course, opening site of the fistula, and the presence of aneurysmal changes (defined as dilatation 1.5 times the diameter of the origin). We also categorized the fistula openings according to size compared with that of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. RESULTS: The patients were 14 men and 18 women with a mean (range) age of 56.5 (34-86) years. Nineteen patients had no related symptoms, and the other 13 patients had symptoms such as angina, chest discomfort, palpitations, or shoulder pain. Among these patients, 2 patients were diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The origins of CPAF were single (n = 15, 46.9%) or multiple (n = 17, 53.1%). The CPAFs arose most commonly from the conus branch of the right coronary artery (n = 20, 62.5%) and proximal left anterior descending (n = 17, 53.1%). All CPAFs coursed anteriorly to the main pulmonary artery and drained into the anterolateral aspect. Twenty-five patients (78.1%) exhibited aneurysmal changes. The openings were small in 13 (40.6%), medium in 13 (40.6%), and large in 6 (18.8%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of patients with CPAF had no related symptoms. Coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula may have a single origin or multiple origins. All of the CPAFs coursed anteriorly to the main pulmonary artery and drained into the anterolateral aspect; the CPAFs identified here frequently exhibited aneurysmal changes.

Assessment of treatment success and short-term effectiveness using C-arm CT immediately after hepatic chemoembolization of HCC.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate semiquantitative analyses based on amount and morphology of iodized oil uptake about non-enhanced C-arm cone-beam CT(C-arm CT) immediately following hepatic chemoembolization of HCC. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively reviewed 40 C-arm CT images taken immediately following chemoembolization in 29 consecutive patients who underwent hepatic chemoembolization for HCC lesions(n=97). Two radiologists scored iodized oil uptake in the index tumours from Grade 0(complete) to 4(invisible). To describe the morphologic characteristics of uptake, the lesions scored as Grade 1 to 3 were subclassified as 'defective' and 'not-defective' with respect to uptake. To evaluate the performance of this modality, we performed a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: All treated lesions were classified into 'complete treatment'(n=50) and 'viable HCC'(n=47). Thirty-one lesions were evaluated as Grade 0, two as Grade 4, and the rest (n=64) as between Grades 1 and 3, and the lesions of Grade 3 or 4 were all viable. Of the defective uptake lesions(n=35), 28 lesions were also viable. The areas under the curves of the lesions were 0.827 to 0.860. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of C-arm CT based on the amount and morphologic characteristics of iodized oil uptake may be useful to predict the effectiveness of the hepatic chemoembolization of HCC.