Corrigendum to "Enhancing physical and cognitive function in older adults through walking & resistance exercise: Korean national aging project randomized controlled study" [J Exercise Sci Fitness 22 (4) (October 2024) 383-389].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.07.002.].

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Walking on Cognitive and Physical Functions in Older Adults: A Randomized Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Walking is widely recognized as a prevalent form of daily exercise worldwide. However, fewer studies have explored the health outcomes of different intensities of walking exercise for older adults. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the effects of walking at different exercise intensities on body composition, emotions, cognition, and physical function among older adults. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of walking at different exercise intensities on body composition, emotions, cognition, and physical function after eight weeks of group walking. Specifically, the study focused on the potential benefits of high-intensity interval walking (HIIW), exploring whether HIIW could have a more positive impact on the physical function and overall health of older adults compared to moderate-intensity continuous walking (MICW). METHODS: Participants aged 65 years or older were randomly assigned to either HIIW (n=13, 85% HRmax and 55% HRmax, alternating every three minutes) or MICW (n=13, 70% HRmax), engaging in group walking exercises for 30 minutes three times a week. The pre-test and post-test evaluations included body composition, cognition, emotions, and physical function. RESULTS: The two-minute step test showed significant improvements over time (p<0.0001) and time-group interaction (p=0.004), and sit and reach showed significant changes over time (p<0.0001). The independent T-test showed significant differences between the HIIW and MICW groups (two-minute step test: t (24)=1.80, p=0.04; sit and reach test: t (19)=3.65, p<0.001) at post-measurement. Additionally, no significant differences were found in body composition (weight, p=0.74; body mass index (BMI), p=0.35; body fat mass, p=0.45; skeletal muscle mass (SMM), p=0.77), emotions (geriatric depression scale (GDS), p=0.79; quality of life (QOL), p=0.54; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, p=0.24), and cognitive function (CoSAS total score, p=0.25) between the HIIW and MICW groups after exercise. Grip strength, balance, 30-second chair stand, back scratch, and eight-foot up and go tests showed no significant effects in the time-group interaction. CONCLUSION: Regular HIIW exercise has positive effects on physical functions such as cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility in older adults, indicating the potential for establishing a foundation for developing customized exercise programs in the future.

Enhancing physical and cognitive function in older adults through walking & resistance exercise: Korean national aging project randomized controlled study.

Background: The rapid aging of Korea's population underscores the urgent need for effective programs to enhance the well-being and longevity of the elderly. This study presents preliminary results from the Korean project, examining the impact of cost-effective and accessible exercise programs on functional performance of older people and to determine the long-term maintenance of intervention. Methods: We randomized 90 older adults aged ≥65 years to the walking group (WG), resistance + walking (RWG), or active control (CG) group. We designed a 12-week main intervention (supervised resistance training 2 d/week and individual walking exercise) and a 12-week follow-up through self-directed exercise (same protocol but unsupervised). The participants' mini mental state examination, color-word Stroop test and 5-time sit to stand, timed up & go, handgrip strength, and knee extensor strength tests were assessed at pre, post, as well as follow-up. Results: For the RWG group, significant improvements were found in timed up & go (P < 0.001), and 5-time sit to stand (P < 0.001) compared to CG, with benefits maintained at follow-up. Both RWG and WG showed significant enhancements in knee extensor power (RWG: P < 0.0001; WG: P < 0.001) and flexor power (RWG: P < 0.01; WG: P = 0.018) compared to CG. Although cognitive performance did not show significant group-by-time interactions, RWG exhibited improvements in the Stroop Color and Color-Word tests at follow-up compared to baseline. Conclusion: A resistance training program combined with walking effectively enhanced functional performance in older adults, providing lasting benefits over 12 weeks on physical functions, such as strength and endurance. However, it showed limited benefits on cognitive performance.

Effect of mixed protein supplementation on golf performance and muscle function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: As a relatively novel approach to enhancing skeletal muscle health, mixed protein supplementation has shown similar responses to whey protein. However, no previous studies have examined its impact on golf swing performance. This study aimed to examine the effect of mixed protein supplementation on the swing performance and muscle strength of casual golfers. METHODS: Sixty participants with a handicap of less than 20 were recruited and randomly assigned to a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design. The participants were divided into two groups: a mixed protein group (MG, n = 30), and a placebo control group (CG, n = 30). They were instructed to ingest either a supplement containing casein calcium, whey protein, and isolated pea protein, or a placebo, once daily for 8 weeks. Pre- and posttests consisted of anthropometric measurements, muscle strength (isokinetic knee and trunk strength, and handgrip strength), 2-minute push-ups, balance, and golf swing performance using a driver and 7-iron. RESULTS: After the 8-week supplementation period, ANCOVA, using baseline values as covariates, revealed significant differences for driver distance (p = .004) and driver ball speed (p < .001). MG significantly increased driver distance by 5.17 ± 12.8 m (p = .046), driver ball speed by 1.36 ± 2.87 m/s (p = .021). Additionally, significantly improvements were observed in hand grip strength (+2.12 ± 3.47 kg, p = .004), two-minute push-ups (+4.89 ± 8.14 reps, p = .004), and balance score (-0.37 ± 0.69 min, p = .009). No significant differences were observed in body composition parameters (p > .05). CONCLUSION: The intake of a mixed protein containing both animal and plant proteins had positive effects on golf performance and muscle function. Therefore, mixed proteins may represent a safe and effective approach to enhancing skeletal muscle health in golf players.

Machine Learning-Based Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Korean Male Sarcopenia Through Integrative DNA Methylation and Methylation Risk Score: From the Korean Genomic Epidemiology Study (KoGES).

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, characterized by a progressive decline in muscle mass, strength, and function, is primarily attributable to aging. DNA methylation, influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, plays a significant role in sarcopenia occurrence. This study employed machine learning (ML) methods to identify differentially methylated probes (DMPs) capable of diagnosing sarcopenia in middle-aged individuals. We also investigated the relationship between muscle strength, muscle mass, age, and sarcopenia risk as reflected in methylation profiles. METHODS: Data from 509 male participants in the urban cohort of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study_Health Examinee study were categorized into quartile groups based on the sarcopenia criteria for appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) and handgrip strength (HG). To identify diagnostic biomarkers for sarcopenia, we used recursive feature elimination with cross validation (RFECV), to pinpoint DMPs significantly associated with sarcopenia. An ensemble model, leveraging majority voting, was utilized for evaluation. Furthermore, a methylation risk score (MRS) was calculated, and its correlation with muscle strength, function, and age was assessed using likelihood ratio analysis and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Participants were classified into two groups based on quartile thresholds: sarcopenia (n = 37) with ASMI and HG in the lowest quartile, and normal ranges (n = 48) in the highest. In total, 238 DMPs were identified and eight probes were selected using RFECV. These DMPs were used to build an ensemble model with robust diagnostic capabilities for sarcopenia, as evidenced by an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94. Based on eight probes, the MRS was calculated and then validated by analyzing age, HG, and ASMI among the control group (n = 424). Age was positively correlated with high MRS (coefficient, 1.2494; odds ratio [OR], 3.4882), whereas ASMI and HG were negatively correlated with high MRS (ASMI coefficient, -0.4275; OR, 0.6521; HG coefficient, -0.3116; OR, 0.7323). CONCLUSION: Overall, this study identified key epigenetic markers of sarcopenia in Korean males and developed a ML model with high diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia. The MRS also revealed significant correlations between these markers and age, HG, and ASMI. These findings suggest that both diagnostic models and the MRS can play an important role in managing sarcopenia in middle-aged populations.

Machine Learning for Movement Pattern Changes during Kinect-Based Mixed Reality Exercise Programs in Women with Possible Sarcopenia: Pilot Study.

Background: Sarcopenia is a muscle wasting condition that affects elderly individuals. It can lead to changes in movement patterns, which can increase the risk of falls and other injuries. Methods: Elderly women participants aged ≥65 years who could walk independently were recruited and classified into two groups based on knee extension strength (KES). Participants with low KES scores were assigned to the possible sarcopenia group (PSG, n=7) and an 8-week exercise intervention was implemented. Healthy seniors with high KES scores were classified as the reference group (RG, n=4), and a 3-week exercise intervention was conducted. Kinematic movement data were recorded during the intervention period. All participants' exercise repetitions were used in the data analysis (number of data points =1,128). Results: The PSG showed significantly larger movement patterns in knee rotation during wide squats compared to the RG, attributed to weakened lower limb strength. The voting classifier, trained on the movement patterns from wide squats, determined that significant differences in overall movement patterns between the two groups persisted until the end of the exercise intervention. However, after the exercise intervention, significant improvements in lower limb strength in the PSG resulted in reduced knee rotation ROM and Max, thereby stabilizing movements and eliminating significant differences with the RG. Conclusions: This study suggests that exercise interventions can modify the movement patterns in elderly individuals with possible sarcopenia. These findings provide fundamental data for developing an exercise management system that remotely tracks and monitors the movement patterns of older adults during exercise activities.

Impact of Taekwondo training on cognitive and physical function in elderly individuals: A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Researchers have investigated the physical and psychosocial advantages of Taekwondo for older adults. However, prior studies of Taekwondo's impact on physical function and psychological well-being in this demographic have produced inconsistent findings. Thus, this systematic review aimed to assess how Taekwondo practice affects the physical function and psychological well-being of older adults. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Korea Education and Research Information Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, Korean National Assembly Library, Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from their inception to December 2023. Two reviewers independently selected and extracted data from each study. We calculated effect sizes using a random-effects model with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) and evaluated study quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. RESULTS: This review included ten studies with 227 participants aged 66.1-73.6 years. The meta-analysis revealed significant enhancements in cognitive function [Korean Version of Mini-Mental State Examination, standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.700, 95 % CI (0.364-1.037), I2 = 0 %, p < .001], blood indicators [ß-amyloid, SMD = 0.613, 95 % CI (0.103-1.123), I2 = 34.920 %, p < .05; brain-derived neurotrophic factor, SMD = 0.566, 95 % CI (0.166-0.966), I2 = 0 %, p < .01; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SMD = 0.677, 95 % CI (0.357-0.966), I2 = 0 %, p < .001; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SMD = 0.809, 95 % CI (0.376-1.242), I2 = 42.621 %, p < .001; and total cholesterol, SMD = 0.979, 95 % CI (0.603-1.356), I2 = 22.221 %, p < .001], and physical function [lean body mass, SMD = 0.465, 95 % CI (0.109-0.821), I2 = 0 %, p < .05, and handgrip strength, SMD = 0.929, 95 % CI (0.194-1.663), I2 = 48.217 %, p < .05]. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that Taekwondo training is a beneficial therapy with protective effects on cognitive function, physical function, and body composition in older adults. These findings highlight its potential significance in cognitive rehabilitation and physiological health promotion among this demographic population.

Associations between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and sarcopenia risk among adults aged ≥ 55 years in five low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To diminish the negative influence of sarcopenia on senior adults, the study aimed to investigate the association between adherence to 24-h movement behavior guidelines (physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration) and the risk of sarcopenia among individuals aged ≥55 years in five low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: A total of 16,503 adults aged ≥55 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The study utilized data from Global Aging and Adult Health Survey (SAGE). Participants reported their information about physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep duration using the questionnaire. Sarcopenia was identified as low skeletal muscle mass with a diminished gait speed or weakened handgrip strength. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between adherence to 24-h movement behavior guidelines and the risk of sarcopenia. RESULTS: Merely 32.73 % of participants met all three 24-h movement behavior guidelines (physical activity, less sedentary behavior, sleep). Meeting all three guidelines (p < 0.01) was significantly associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia. Meeting physical activity only (p < 0.05), or meeting both physical activity and sedentary behaivor (p < 0.05), or meeting both physical activity and sleep duration (p < 0.01) guidelines were also associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenia. Moreover, adults aged 65+ years who adhered to 24-h movement behavior guidelines exhibited a significantly reduced risk of developing sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the adherence to 24-h movement behavior guidelines for regular physical activity, limited sedentary behavior, and sufficient sleep duration was associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenia in adults aged ≥55 years in five LMICs.

Exploring CrossFit performance prediction and analysis via extensive data and machine learning.

BACKGROUND: The analysis of athletic performance has always aroused great interest from sport scientist. This study utilized machine learning methods to build predictive models using a comprehensive CrossFit (CF) dataset, aiming to reveal valuable insights into the factors influencing performance and emerging trends. METHODS: Random forest (RF) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to predict performance in four key weightlifting exercises within CF: clean and jerk, snatch, back squat, and deadlift. Performance was evaluated using R-squared (R2) values and mean squared error (MSE). Feature importance analysis was conducted using RF, XGBoost, and AdaBoost models. RESULTS: The RF model excelled in deadlift performance prediction (R2=0.80), while the MLR model demonstrated remarkable accuracy in clean and jerk (R2=0.93). Across exercises, clean and jerk consistently emerged as a crucial predictor. The feature importance analysis revealed intricate relationships among exercises, with gender significantly impacting deadlift performance. CONCLUSIONS: This research advances our understanding of performance prediction in CF through machine learning techniques. It provides actionable insights for practitioners, optimize performance, and demonstrates the potential for future advancements in data-driven sports analytics.

Comparison of face mask effects on cardiorespiratory responses between physically active and sedentary individuals.

BACKGROUND: Alterations caused by face masks on physiological responses vary among different population groups. This study aimed to investigate whether physically active and sedentary individuals respond differently to face mask use during exercise. METHODS: Sixteen healthy college students were divided into two groups: Physically active group (N.=10; 26.50±2.80 years) and Sedentary group (N.=6; 26.33±2.81 years). They performed three maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)s following the Bruce protocol: one without a face mask (NON), one with a surgical mask (SUR) and one with a cloth mask (CLO). Cardiorespiratory parameters and heart rate were monitored continuously during the test. Blood pressure, oxygen saturation and lactate level were measured immediately before and after exertion. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the Physically active and the Sedentary group in peak VO2 (VO2peak) in NON (P=0.030). However, this difference disappeared when the face masks were used. Furthermore, VO2/kg (P=0.002) and METs (P=0.002) decreased significantly at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) only in the Physically active group with face masks. No significant differences were found between the two groups for exercise time, lactate level and dyspnea (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory responses, particularly VO2peak, due to face mask use was greater in physically active individuals compared to sedentary individuals. Population group characteristics should be considered when adapting face masks to daily life.

Effects of Exercise on Urinary AD7c-NTP (Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein) Levels and Cognitive Function Among Active Korean Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) has been demonstrated to have high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from healthy individuals. However, it is yet unclear whether exercise can lower the level of AD7c-NTP in urine among active Korean elderly. Objective: To assess the effect of exercise on AD7c-ntp levels in urine and cognitive function among active Korean elderly. Methods: In total, 40 Korean elderly (≥65 years) were divided into Active Control group (CG, n = 10), Aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 18), and combined Resistance/Aerobic exercise group (RAG, n = 12). A total of 12 weeks of exercise intervention was implemented. At week 0 and 12, cognitive performance (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, Korean-Color Word Stroop test), grip strength, and body composition (muscle mass and body fat percentage) were measured. Also, a morning urine sample was obtained from each subject. The level of AD7c-NTP was measured using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: After 12 weeks of exercise intervention, there was a significant difference of AD7c-NTP levels between RAG and CG (p = 0.026), AG and CG (p = 0.032), respectively. Furthermore, the AD7c-NTP levels in urine showed negative correlation with K-MMSE scores (r = -0.390, p = 0.013) and grip strength (r = -0.376, p = 0.017), among all participants after exercise intervention. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate urine biomarker through exercise intervention. In future stuides, participants who have low cognitive function and low activity levels need to be recruited to observe more significant 'Exercise' effect.

Effects of a 2-Week Kinect-Based Mixed-Reality Exercise Program on Prediabetes: A Pilot Trial during COVID-19.

Background: Pre-diabetes can develop into type 2 diabetes mellitus, but can prevented by regular exercise. However, the outcomes when combining unsupervised Kinect-based mixed-reality (KMR) exercise with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) remain unclear. Therefore, this single-arm pilot trial examined changes in blood glucose (BG) concentrations over 672 hours (4 weeks), including a 2-week period of KMR exercise and CGM in individuals with pre-diabetes. Methods: This was a pre-and post-treatment case-control study with nine participants. General questionnaires were administered and body composition, fasting BG concentrations, and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (2-OGTT) results were measured pre-and post-treatment. Weekly average glucose concentrations, hyperglycemia rate, hypoglycemia rate, average glucose concentration over time, amount of physical activity, amount of food intake, and pre- and postprandial BG (immediately and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after lunch) were measured over 4 weeks (pre-test, exercise, and post -test weeks). Glucose concentrations were measured before exercising, between sets, and 30 and 60 minutes after exercise during the 2 weeks of unsupervised exercise (3 days/week). Results: In all participants, body mass index (27.16±2.92 kg/m2), fasting BG (108.00±7.19 mg/dL), 2-OGTT (162.56±18.12 mg/dL), hyperglycemia rate (P=0.040), and 90-minute postprandial BG (P=0.035) were significantly reduced during the 2 exercise weeks, and the 2-OGTT result (P=0.044) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P=0.046) were significantly reduced at the post -test as compared with the pre-test. Conclusion: This study found that 2 weeks of unsupervised KMR exercise reduced 2-OGTT, DBP, hyperglycemia rate, and 90-minute postprandial BG concentration. We believed this effect could be identified more clearly in studies involving a larger number of participants and longer durations of exercise.

Improving Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Function of Korean Firefighters: A Kinect-Based Mixed Reality Device Exercise Intervention Randomized Control Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study addresses declining physical fitness among Korean firefighters due to a low exercise participation rate caused by the absence of exercise instructors. The research explores Virtual Mate (VM), a Kinect-based mixed reality device, as a potential solution, but its capacity to replace training instructors in enhancing physical fitness remains uncertain. METHODS: Twenty Korean male firefighters were divided into two groups: the exercise group received an 8-week intervention using VM, while the control group maintained regular physical activity. Cardiopulmonary function and muscle function were measured. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, the exercise group demonstrated a significant improvement in VO 2peak . Furthermore, there were notable enhancements in the strength and endurance of most knee, shoulder, and trunk flexors and extensors. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating VM into an exercise program can effectively improve cardiorespiratory and muscular function in Korean firefighters.

Association of physical activity and fitness with executive function among preschoolers.

It is well-documented in the literature that high levels of regular physical activity (PA), low levels of sedentary behavior (SB), and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with superior cognitive functioning, especially with regard to older populations. However, concerning other age groups (e.g., preschoolers) the available evidence documenting such a positive relationship is relatively scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of time spent in different PA intensity zones and CRF with executive functions (EFs) in preschool-age children. To this end, preschoolers (n = 127) aged 3 to 6 years were recruited from 9 kindergarten classes in 2 districts of Shenzhen, China. The amount and the intensity of PA were assessed via accelerometry, and the CRF level was quantified by the 20-meter shuttle run test. EFs including inhibitory control and working memory were assessed using the one-on-one iPad-based Early Year Toolbox. Results suggested that children who had a higher CRF level ("impulse control" scores: ß = 0.34, p < .001; "Go" accuracy: ß = 0.31, p < .001; "No-Go" accuracy: ß =0.28, < .001) and spentmore time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ("impulse control" scores: ß = 0.50, p < .001; No-Go" accuracy: ß = 0.52, p < .001) had higher scores on inhibitory control tasks, and those who had a higher CRF level had higher scores on a working memory task (ß = 0.24, p < .05). The findings are discussed in light of the positive roles of MVPA and CRF for promoting EFs, but also consider the disproportionate association of PA and CRF with working memory relative to inhibition.

The Effect of High-Speed Power Training on Physical Frailty in Older Adults: Effect of a Visual-Guided Exercise Program in South Korean Rural Areas.

Objective: Exercise has been shown to be an effective intervention; the difficulty still lies in providing exercise programs to the older adults in rural areas. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week exercise program provided with visual guidelines (prerecorded video) on frailty among older adults in rural areas. Methods: Fifty participants (71.7 ± 4.9 years) from 5 different rural areas were recruited and divided into two groups: the exercise group (EX, n = 24 (male: 8, female: 18)) and the control group (CON, n = 26 (male: 7, female: 17)). With the commencement of the exercise intervention, a prerecorded high-speed power training program for frail older adults was distributed to the EX group. A new prerecorded exercise program was delivered to the EX group every 4 weeks. Frailty status was diagnosed with Fried's criteria before and after the intervention. Muscle strength was measured in the upper and lower limb strength (hand-grip strength and leg extension and flexion), and physical function was measured using a short physical performance battery and gait speed. Fasting blood was collected before and after the intervention and analyzed for blood lipid profile. Results: After 12 weeks of the intervention period, a significant difference in frailty status (P < 0.01) and score (P < 0.01) favoring the EX group was observed. Physical functions (gait speed (P=0.01) and time for sit to stand (P < 0.01)) were significantly improved in the EX group with a significant increase in knee extensor strength (P < 0.01). A significant difference in serum high-density lipoprotein levels favoring the EX group (P=0.03) was also observed. Conclusions: This study confirmed the positive effect of a visual-guided exercise program on older adults' residents in rural areas and provided alternative methods to effectively provide exercise program for the older adults with limited resources.

Effects of Exercise on Physical Function and Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training.

INTRODUCTION: We assessed the effects of exercise on the physical function and health quality of life (hQoL) in prostate cancer patients underwent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Additionally, the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the physical function and hQoL in these patients were compared with those of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). METHODS: Seventeen prostate cancer patients who underwent ADT were prospectively allocated to either HIIT (n = 9) or MICT (n = 8). In these patients, physical function and hQoL were measured before and after 12 weeks of exercise and 3-6 months after the exercise program, respectively. RESULTS: Although the whole-body total mass significantly increased after the exercise program, it was equivalent regardless of the exercise methods. After the exercise program, muscle strength and endurance improved and tended to be maintained until 3-6 months later. Improvement in muscle endurance was more prominent after HIIT, and that in muscle strength was more prominent after MICT. Performance in the senior fitness test improved after the exercise program, and HIIT was more effective for lower and upper muscle endurance and flexibility, although MICT was more effective for the others. The hQoL significantly improved 3-6 months after the exercise program. CONCLUSION: The 12-week exercise program has a positive effect on the physical function and hQoL in prostate cancer patients who underwent ADT. In these patients, compared with MICT, HIIT may be a better option for improving muscle endurance, which is thought to be significant for preventing falls and fractures in elderly patients.

Corrigendum to "Physical activity in the era of climate change and COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the South Korea's 2022 Report Card on physical activity for children and adolescents" [J Exercise Sci Fitness 21(1) (2023) 26-33].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.014.].

Physical activity in the era of climate change and COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the South Korea's 2022 Report Card on physical activity for children and adolescents.

Background: With intensifying air pollutant levels and the COVID-19 pandemic, physical inactivity of South Korean children and adolescents may be threatened. Therefore, monitoring and surveillance of physical activity (PA) and relevant indicators are important for policy making pertaining to health promotion. Report Card is a third comprehensive evaluation of PA-related behaviors among and the sources of influence for South Korean children and adolescents. Purpose: To provide the outcome of the South Korea's 2022 Report Card on PA for children and adolescents. Methods: Based on a variety of sources including national surveys collected pre- and during-COVID-19 and information collected from government webpages, 11 indicators were graded by a committee of experts informed by the best available evidence. Data from during-COVID-19 were available for Overall PA, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and considered together in generating the overall grades. Results: Grades were assigned to behavioral indicators (Overall PA: D-; Active Transportation: B+; Sedentary Behavior: D; Sleep: F) and sources of Influence (Family and Peers: C-; School: A; Community and Environment: B-; Government: A). Organized Sport and PA, Active Play, and Physical Fitness could not be graded due to the lack of data. The results largely indicated that children and adolescents show unfavorable behavioral grades even with favorable grades observed for the sources of influence indicators. Trivial differences were observed pre- and during-pandemic for Overall PA (≥60 min of MVPA for ≥4 d/wk: 20.8% vs 19.9%) and Sleep (met age-specific recommendation: 14.1% vs 15.0%); however, a marked increase in Sedentary Behavior was observed (≤2 h/d screen time: 28.8% vs 20.1%). A stark weekday vs weekend difference was observed in sleep duration. In terms of PA related sources of influence, high accessibility to PA facilities (81.1%) and high satisfaction of neighborhood public transit (74.6%) and safety (80.7%) were well reflected in our Active Transportation grade (B+). Nonetheless, perception of green environments including outdoor air quality (44.0%), noise (39.6%) and green space (56.5%) showed lower scores, suggesting that new barriers to active lifestyles are emerging for South Korean children and adolescents. Gender differences were also observed for overall PA (≥60 min of MVPA for ≥4 d/wk: 29.1% for boys vs 11.3% for girls) and sleep (met age-specific recommendations: 17.3% for boys vs 11.4% for girls), but not for sedentary behavior (≤2 h/d screen time: 26.4% for boys and 24.9% for girls). Conclusions: Government and school policies/programs and the built environment are, in general, conducive to physically active lifestyles for South Korean children and adolescents; however, behavioural indicators received poor grades except for Active Transportation. A thorough evaluation of policies/programs at government, local, and school levels is needed to ensure that the efforts to have PA-enhancing infrastructure and systems are actually being translated into the behavior of children and adolescents in South Korea. Furthermore, improving PA surveillance, monitoring, and advocacy to ultimately establish healthy lifestyle patterns among children and adolescents is a top priority.