Paediatric emergency departments should manage young febrile and afebrile infants the same if they have a fever before presenting.

AIM: Our aim was to evaluate the risk of bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants ≤60 days who presented to paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) after having fever at home. We also investigated any differences between infants who were afebrile or febrile on presentation. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study of infants ≤60 days presented to four Swedish PEDs during 2014-2020 with reported fever at home. We used relative risks (RR) to compare the prevalence of UTI, bacteremia, and bacterial meningitis between the infants who were afebrile and the infants who were still febrile when they presented to the PED. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 1926 infants, and 702 (36%) were afebrile on presentation. The prevalence of UTI in the afebrile and febrile infants was 6.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5-8.2] versus 14.2% (95% CI 12.3-16.2), corresponding to an RR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.31-0.59). In infants ≤28 days, the RR for meningitis was 1.05 (95% CI 0.18-6.23) for afebrile versus febrile infants. Five times more febrile infants underwent a lumbar puncture. CONCLUSION: Infants who were afebrile on presentation underwent fewer lumbar punctures, but they had similar rates of bacterial meningitis to febrile infants. Different management approaches are not justified.

Management and Outcome of Febrile Infants ≤60 days, With Emphasis on Infants ≤21 Days Old, in Swedish Pediatric Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND: Management of febrile infants ≤60 days of age varies, and the age for routine investigations and antibiotic-treatment is debated. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended age threshold for lumbar puncture (LP) is 21 days and for blood culture 60 days. We describe management and adverse outcome of febrile infants ≤60 days old, in Sweden. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study of infants ≤60 days of age with fever without source evaluated in 4 University pediatric emergency departments, between 2014 and 2017. Adverse outcome was defined as delayed-treated invasive bacterial infection (IBI: meningitis or bacteremia). RESULTS: We included 1701 infants. In infants ≤21 days old, LP was performed in 16% (95% CI: 12-20) and blood culture in 43% (95% CI: 38-48). Meningitis was diagnosed in 5 (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.4-3.0) and bacteremia in 12 (4.5%; 95% CI: 2.6-7.0) infants. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were not administered to 66% (95% CI: 61-71), of which 2 (0.8%; 95% CI: 0.1-2.8) diagnosed with IBI (1 meningitis and 1 bacteremia). In the 29-60 days age group, blood culture was performed in 21% (95% CI: 19-24), and broad-spectrum antibiotics were not administered to 84% (95% CI: 82-86), with no case of delayed-treated bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of LP, blood culture and broad-spectrum antibiotics were low. Despite that, there were few delayed-treated IBIs, but 2 of the 17 infants ≤21 days of age with IBI were not timely treated, which prompts the need for a safer approach for this age group. Also, the utility of routine blood culture for all febrile infants 29-60 days old could be questioned.

Age- and sex-specific prevalence of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants ≤60 days, in Sweden.

AIM: The aim of the study was to describe age- and sex-specific prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBI: urinary tract infection, bacteraemia, meningitis) among febrile infants ≤60 days in Sweden. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in 4 Pediatric Emergency Departments from 2014 to 2017, in previously healthy, full-term infants ≤60 days with fever without a source. RESULTS: Of the 1,701 included infants, 214 (12.6%; 95% CI, 11.1-14.3) had an SBI. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed in 196 (11.5%; 95% CI, 10.0-13.1) patients. In the ≤28 and 29-60 days age-groups, meningitis prevalence was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3-2.0) and 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1-0.8), whereas bacteraemia prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI, 1.9-4.9) and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.2-1.3). The SBI prevalence was higher in boys 16.0% (95% CI, 13.8-18.5) than girls 8.0% (95% CI, 6.2-10.2; p<0.001), due to 2-fold higher UTI risk. The prevalence of meningitis in boys was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1- 0.9) vs. 0.7% (95% CI, 0.2-1.6) in girls and of bacteraemia 1.8% (95% CI, 1.0-2.8) vs. 1.0% (95% CI, 0.4-2.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The total SBI prevalence was 12.6%, and UTI represented the vast majority. The prevalence of bacteraemia and meningitis was low, particularly in the 29-60 days age group, without significant difference between boys and girls.

Historia familiar de litiasis renal en pacientes diagnosticados de infección del tracto urinario por Escherichia coli / A family history of renal lithiasis in children diagnosed of urinary tract infection by Escherichia coli

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones de la vía urinaria (IVU) causadas por Escherichia coli (E. coli) son frecuentes en pacientes con hipercalciuria idiopática. Al ser tanto IVU como hipercalciuria (prelitiasis) de origen genético, planteamos si la historia familiar de urolitiasis es más frecuente en niños con IVU causada por E. coli. Secundariamente, planteamos si las cicatrices renales son más frecuentes en niños con prelitiasis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ambispectivo con datos de 104 pacientes (40 masculinos y 64 femeninos) seguidos tras haber sido diagnosticados, al menos una vez, de IVU por E. coli. Se preguntó por la existencia de urolitiasis en familiares (primer y segundo grado). En 80 pacientes se determinó la eliminación urinaria de calcio y citrato. RESULTADOS: En toda la muestra, la historia familiar de urolitiasis fue positiva en una frecuencia significativamente mayor de estos niños (n = 71; 68,3%) que en la población de control del mismo área (el 29,7% según datos previos publicados). La frecuencia de prelitiasis en niños con IVU fue del 47,5% (38/80). Se observó asociación entre prelitiasis tanto con la historia familiar de urolitiasis (p = 0,030) como con el reflujo vesicoureteral (p = 0,034). Además, los pacientes que desarrollaron cicatrices renales tenían más prelitiasis (OR 5,3; p = 0,033). CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de historia familiar de urolitiasis en niños con IVU causada por E. coli es muy alta. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, sugerimos la hipótesis de que la predisposición a litiasis involucra una defensa alterada contra E. coli y, consecuentemente, una mayor posibilidad de cicatrices renales

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. As both UTI and hypercalciuria (prelithiasis) have a genetic basis, we wanted to know whether the family history of urolithiasis is more common in children with UTIs caused by E. coli. Secondarily, we wondered if the renal scars are more common in children with prelithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ambispective study with collected data from 104 patients (40 male, 64 female) followed after having been diagnosed of UTI by E. coli at least once. These patients were asked about the existence of urolithiasis in relatives. The calcium and citrate urinary elimination was qunatified in 80 children. RESULTS: In the total sample, family history was positive for urolithiasis in a significantly higher frequency in those children (n = 71; 68.3%) than in the control population in our area (29.7%; previously published data). Prelithiasis frequency in children with UTI was 47.5% (38/80). An association was observed between the diagnosis of prelithiasis both with family history of urolithiasis (P=.030) and the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (P=.034). Children who developed renal scarring had an increased risk of prelithiasis (OR 5.3; P=.033). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of family history of urolithiasis in children with UTI caused by E. coli is very high. Based on our results we hypothesize that the predisposition to lithiasis can involve a constitutively altered defense to E. coli and, therefore, a greater possibility for renal scars

[A family history of renal lithiasis in children diagnosed of urinary tract infection by Escherichia coli]. / Historia familiar de litiasis renal en pacientes diagnosticados de infección del tracto urinario por Escherichia coli.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. As both UTI and hypercalciuria (prelithiasis) have a genetic basis, we wanted to know whether the family history of urolithiasis is more common in children with UTIs caused by E. coli. Secondarily, we wondered if the renal scars are more common in children with prelithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ambispective study with collected data from 104 patients (40 male, 64 female) followed after having been diagnosed of UTI by E. coli at least once. These patients were asked about the existence of urolithiasis in relatives. The calcium and citrate urinary elimination was qunatified in 80 children. RESULTS: In the total sample, family history was positive for urolithiasis in a significantly higher frequency in those children (n=71; 68.3%) than in the control population in our area (29.7%; previously published data). Prelithiasis frequency in children with UTI was 47.5% (38/80). An association was observed between the diagnosis of prelithiasis both with family history of urolithiasis (P=.030) and the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (P=.034). Children who developed renal scarring had an increased risk of prelithiasis (OR 5.3; P=.033). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of family history of urolithiasis in children with UTI caused by E. coli is very high. Based on our results we hypothesize that the predisposition to lithiasis can involve a constitutively altered defense to E. coli and, therefore, a greater possibility for renal scars.

Utilidad de las pruebas básicas de estudio de la función renal en la toma de decisiones en niños con pérdida de parénquima renal o dilatación de la vía urinaria / Usefulness of basic renal function tests in decision-making in children with loss of renal parenchyma and/or dilation of the urinary tract

Las pruebas básicas de estudio de la función renal como la osmolalidad urinaria máxima y la eliminación urinaria de albúmina y de N-acetil-glucosaminidasa se alteran con mucha frecuencia en situaciones clínicas que cursan con hiperpresión en la vía urinaria o con pérdida de parénquima renal. No obstante, en todos los algoritmos que se pueden consultar dedicados al estudio de los niños con infección urinaria o dilatación de la vía urinaria nunca se menciona el beneficio del uso de esos parámetros funcionales. En esta revisión, ofrecemos información acerca de la utilidad práctica que conlleva la determinación de los parámetros básicos de estudio de la función renal. A partir de esos datos proponemos un algoritmo destinado a realizar una petición razonada de la cistografía conjuntando parámetros morfológicos y funcionales (AU)

Basic renal function tests such as maximum urine osmolality and urinary elimination of albumin and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase often reveal abnormalities in clinical cases involving hyperpressure in the urinary tract or loss of renal parenchyma. However, in all the available algorithms dedicated to the study of children with urinary tract infection or dilation, the benefit of using these functional parameters is not mentioned. In this review, we provide information about the practical usefulness of assessing the basic renal function parameters. From these data, we propose an algorithm that combines morphological and functional parameters to make a reasoned case for voiding cystourethrography (AU)

Usefulness of basic renal function tests in decision-making in children with loss of renal parenchyma and/or dilation of the urinary tract. / Utilidad de las pruebas básicas de estudio de la función renal en la toma de decisiones en niños con pérdida de parénquima renal o dilatación de la vía urinaria.

Basic renal function tests such as maximum urine osmolality and urinary elimination of albumin and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase often reveal abnormalities in clinical cases involving hyperpressure in the urinary tract or loss of renal parenchyma. However, in all the available algorithms dedicated to the study of children with urinary tract infection or dilation, the benefit of using these functional parameters is not mentioned. In this review, we provide information about the practical usefulness of assessing the basic renal function parameters. From these data, we propose an algorithm that combines morphological and functional parameters to make a reasoned case for voiding cystourethrography.

Evaluación de los niveles sonoros en la vida del niño en edad escolar entre seis y once años / Assessment of Sound Levels in the Life of 6 to 11-year-old Schoolchildren

En la actualidad se conocen medidas de los niveles sonoros en calles, lugares de ocio y trabajo. Sin embargo, no se han realizado medidas de los niveles sonoros en uno mismo, en la persona. Objetivó: identificar los niveles medios de presión sonora y los tiempos de exposición a los que están sometidos los niños en edad escolar. Material y método: se eligieron dos colegios de educación primaria de la ciudad de Albacete. El muestreo se hizo de forma no probabilística, seleccionamos cien niños, a los cuales se les puso un medidor individual de niveles de presión sonora. Los medidores los llevaron puestos en la parte delantera de su cuerpo durante una semana y recogían todos los sonidos recibidos. La información fue analizada con el programa SPSS v. 19.0, realizándose análisis univariantey bivariante. Resultados: la tasa de respuesta fue del 55%. El tiempo que pasan los niños en ambientes sonoros mayores a 70 dBA, que es una zona de riesgo para la salud auditiva, es el 30% y un 70,1% del tiempo correspondía a ambiente normal, por debajo de 70 dBA. Existe asociación estadística entre la edad y las actividades extraescolares con los niveles sonoros. Conclusión: los niños que no asisten a actividades extraescolares y los de menor edad soportan mayores niveles sonoros. Los alumnos de educación primaria estudiados están sometidos a sonidos elevados en su vida diaria que pueden originar pérdidas auditivas en un futuro más o menos próximo, si estos niveles persistieran en el tiempo (AU)

Currently there is awareness about sound level measurements in the street, leisure and working places. However, no measurement has been conducted of sound levels on persons themselves. Objective: to identify median levels of sound pressure and exposure times to which schoolchildren are subjected to. Materials and methods: two primary education schools were chosen in the city of Albacete. Sampling was made with a non-probability method; we selected one hundred children, who were provided with an individual meter of sound pressure levels. Children wore these meters on the front part of their bodies during a week, and all sounds received were collected. The information was analyzed with the SPSS19.0 program, and univariate and bivariate analysis was conducted. Results: the response rate was 55%. Children spent 30% of their time in sound settings above 70 dBA, which is a risk zone for auditory health; and 70.1% of their time was spent on a normal setting, below 70 dBA. There is a statistical association between age and extracurricular activities with sound levels. Conclusion: children who don’t attend extracurricular activities and those who are younger are subjected to higher sound levels. Those primary school pupils studied were subject to high sounds in their daily life, which may cause hearing loss in a more or less distant future, if those levels continue over time (AU)