Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind flour: Development and characterization of a novel watermelon byproduct.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a fruit widely consumed by the Brazilian population; however, its rind is usually discarded, despite its nutritional value. This work aimed to develop a watermelon rind flour (WRF) and a fiber-rich bread. The WRF was submitted to microbiological analysis, proximate composition, antioxidant activity, and a profile of phenolic compounds. Six types of bread were developed: three using WRF (20%, 30%, and 40% of wheat flour replacement) and three control samples (only wheat flour), which were submitted to the same analysis, in addition to colorimetric properties, instrumental texture profile, and sensory evaluation (check-all-that-apply, purchase intent, and acceptance test). A high fiber content was observed in WRF (27.15%). The total concentration of phenolic compounds was 2.38 ± 0.20 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g and benzoic acid was the main compound found (73.50 mg/100 g WRF). The results of the antioxidant capacity through the DPPH method indicated a 30% reduction. The WRF 40% bread had 3.06 g of insoluble fiber, characterizing itself as a source of fiber. In the instrumental texture analysis, it was observed that bread hardness increased significantly as the WRF content increased. The formulation of the bread containing WRF is an alternative for the use of waste, favoring the development of a fiber-source product, with a functional food claim.

Prevalence of Enterococcus species in adults with periodontal health or with periodontitis: a systematic review.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus species in the mouth of adults with periodontal health and periodontitis. A systematic search was made in databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search for articles was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science databases and in the System of Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SINGLE) and included articles published in English up to April 25th, 2021. Observational studies in humans with and without periodontitis were evaluated to identify the prevalence of Enterococcus species. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified to determine the quality rating in good, fair, and poor. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction in reviews. The study design, sample size, demographic data, periodontal clinical parameters, microbial analysis method, biological sample, prevalence of Enterococcus spp., and correlations with periodontal clinical parameters were assessed. After screening and full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. All selected studies showed a significantly higher prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in patients with periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy patients. Thus, the present systematic review suggests that the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in the mouth of periodontitis individuals is higher than that of periodontally healthy individuals.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence of subgingival staphylococci isolated from periodontal health and diseases.

The dysbiotic biofilm of periodontitis may function as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogens of clinical relevance. This study explored the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from the subgingival biofilm of individuals with different periodontal conditions. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from 142 individuals with periodontal health, 101 with gingivitis and 302 with periodontitis, and cultivated on selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The mecA and virulence genes were surveyed by PCR. Differences among groups regarding species, virulence and antimicrobial resistance were examined by Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests. The overall prevalence of subgingival staphylococci was 46%, especially in severe periodontitis (> 60%; p < 0.01). S. epidermidis (59%) and S. aureus (22%) were the predominant species across groups. S. condimenti, S. hominis, S. simulans and S. xylosus were identified only in periodontitis. High rates of resistance/reduced sensitivity were found for penicillin (60%), amoxicillin (55%) and azithromycin (37%), but multidrug resistance was observed in 12% of the isolates. Over 70% of the mecA + strains in periodontitis were isolated from severe disease. Higher detection rates of fnB + isolates were observed in periodontitis compared to health and gingivitis, whereas luxF/luxS-pvl + strains were associated with sites with deep pockets and attachment loss (p < 0.05). Penicillin-resistant staphylococci is highly prevalent in the subgingival biofilm regardless of the periodontal status. Strains carrying virulence genes related to tissue adhesion/invasion, inflammation and cytotoxicity support the pathogenic potential of these opportunists in the periodontal microenvironment.

Prevalence of Enterococcus species in adults with periodontal health or with periodontitis: a systematic review

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus species in the mouth of adults with periodontal health and periodontitis. A systematic search was made in databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search for articles was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science databases and in the System of Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SINGLE) and included articles published in English up to April 25th, 2021. Observational studies in humans with and without periodontitis were evaluated to identify the prevalence of Enterococcus species. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified to determine the quality rating in good, fair, and poor. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction in reviews. The study design, sample size, demographic data, periodontal clinical parameters, microbial analysis method, biological sample, prevalence of Enterococcus spp., and correlations with periodontal clinical parameters were assessed. After screening and full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. All selected studies showed a significantly higher prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in patients with periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy patients. Thus, the present systematic review suggests that the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in the mouth of periodontitis individuals is higher than that of periodontally healthy individuals.

Perfil sociodemográfico e situação de saúde dos pacientes expostos ao Césio 137 em Goiânia / Sociodemographic profile and health situation of patients exposed to Cesium 137 in Goiânia

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os aspectos sociodemográficos e da situação de saúde dos indivíduos expostos ao Césio 137, que constam com cadastro ativo no Sistema de Informação ao Radioacidentado (SISRAD) do Centro de Assistência aos Radioacidentados (CARA). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com análise transversal, realizado no período de outubro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 e que contempla dados registrados desde o ano de 1987. O público-alvo da pesquisa consistiu em indivíduos expostos de forma direta e indireta ao Césio 137 na cidade de Goiânia-Goiás, e que se encontram devidamente cadastrados no CARA. Levou-se em consideração aspectos sociodemográficos, a fim de construir o perfil dos pacientes. Realizado esse processo, procedeu-se à classificação e distribuição dos pacientes, através de critérios como a forma de contato e a dose de exposição. O levantamento de dados foi executado pela análise dos prontuários no SISRAD. Resultados e Conclusões: nos grupos mais jovens não foram identificados cânceres precoces ou malformações nos Grupos NGI e NGII, mas existem relatos que conflitam com as declarações de óbitos dos grupos GI e GII, o que trouxe dificuldades para uma análise estratificada e detalhada. As doenças psíquicas, apresentam maior prevalência, seguidas de causas associadas a hipertensão e a diabetes. Verificou-se a importância da análise de saúde dos radioacidentados como ferramenta de planejamento, preparação e avaliação dos grupos de risco

This study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic aspects and the health situation of individuals exposed to Cesium 137, who have an active record in the Information System for Radio Accidents (SISRAD) of the Assistance Center for Radio Accidents (CARA). Methods: This is a descriptive study, with cross-sectional analysis, carried out from October 2019 to February 2020 and which includes data recorded since 1987. The target audience of the research consisted of individuals exposed directly and indirect exposure to Cesium 137 in the city of Goiânia-Goiás, and who are duly registered with the CARA. Sociodemographic aspects were taken into account in order to build the profile of patients. Once this process was completed, the patients were classified and distributed using criteria such as the form of contact and the dose of exposure. Data collection was carried out by analyzing the medical records in SISRAD. Results and Conclusions: In the younger groups, no early cancers or malformations were identified in Groups NGI and NGII, but there are reports that conflict with the death certificates of groups GI and GII, which brought difficulties for a stratified and detailed analysis. Mental illnesses are more prevalent, followed by causes associated with hypertension and diabetes. The importance of analyzing the health of radio-accidents as a tool for planning, preparing and evaluating risk groups was verified

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli in subgingival biofilm associated with periodontal diseases.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated from subgingival biofilm of individuals with different periodontal conditions. METHODS: Subgingival biofilm was obtained from 362 individuals with periodontal health (PH) (n = 83), gingivitis (n = 74), and periodontitis (n = 205), cultivated in broth and selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disk diffusion guidelines. Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemases were evaluated by double disk synergy test and spectrophotometric detection of imipenem hydrolysis, respectively. ESBL and carbapenemase encoding genes were surveyed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differences among groups were examined by Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: GNB were isolated from 36.2% of all subgingival biofilm samples, with a significantly greater prevalence and species diversity (P < 0.001) in patients with periodontitis (45.9%) compared with individuals with PH (24.1%) and gingivitis (22.9%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (16.8%), and Enterobacter asburiae (10.7%) were the most predominant species. Resistance/reduced sensitivity to at least 1 antimicrobial was detected in 60% of the strains, but only 4.6% were multidrug resistant. Serratia marcescens, E. cloacae, and Enterobacter kobei presented high rates of intrinsic resistance (>40%) to amoxicillin-clavulanate and first/second-generations of cephalosporins. One strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from periodontitis was resistant to imipenem, but no ESBL encoding genes or ESBL phenotype was detected. CONCLUSION: High prevalence and diversity of GNB, with low susceptibility to ß-lactams are observed in the subgingival microbiota associated with periodontitis.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence of Enterococcus spp. isolated from periodontitis-associated subgingival biofilm.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from the subgingival microbiota of patients with different periodontal status. METHODS: Subgingival biofilm was obtained from individuals with periodontal health (PH) (n = 139), gingivitis (n = 103), and periodontitis (n = 305) and cultivated on selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial sensitivity was determined by disk diffusion, virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction, and the subgingival microbiota by checkerboard. Differences among groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 7.4% of all samples; 53.7% were Enterococcus faecalis. They were more prevalent in periodontitis (9.8%) and gingivitis (7.8%) than PH (2.2%; P <0.05), but no differences among stages of disease severity were observed. High rates of low susceptibility/resistance (>64%) to at least one antimicrobial were observed. Predominant virulence factors included ace (64.3%), asa (39.3%), and esp (35.7%). Fusobacterium nucleatum was prevalent in the subgingival microbiota of enterococci+ individuals, whereas Dialister pneumosintes was found in low frequency in patients with bopD+ enterococci. Oral streptococci were prevalent (>70%) in patients carrying enterococci susceptible to doxycycline (P <0.05), usually bopD- and esp- (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: E. faecalis is increased in periodontitis-associated biofilm. Oral enterococci carry virulence genes and express resistance to some antibiotics commonly used in dentistry, such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Specific subgingival taxa are associated with oral enterococci, suggesting they may interact with species of the dysbiotic periodontitis biofilm, constituting a potential source of factors to tissue destruction, antibiotic resistance dissemination, and poor response to periodontal therapy.

Prevalência de bactérias Gram-positivas em infecção do trato urinário / Prevalence of Gram-positive bacterias in urinary tract infection

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas Gram-positivas causadoras de ITU, analisando a faixa etária e o gênero mais acometido. Métodos: Este estudo analisou 24.529 prontuários de pacientes ambulatoriais, realizado no Laboratório Clínico da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Goiás (LC/PUC Goiás), no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2017. Foram incluídos neste estudo pacientes de ambos os gêneros e de todas as idades. Os dados foram coletados a partir do livro de registros de amostras específicas para a seção de microbiologia e selecionados os resultados de cultura positivos para bactérias Gram-positivas. Resultados: Das 24.529 uroculturas analisadas, 21,2% (804) apresentaram diagnóstico positivo para ITU por bactérias Gram-positivas. Dentre estas, 85,0% eram do gênero feminino, sendo que os estafilococos coagulase negativa foram os agentes patogênicos de maior prevalência (57,8%). Conclusão: A infecção do trato urinário foi mais frequente em mulheres na faixa etária de 19 a 40 anos, apresentando os estafilococos coagulase negativa os principais uropatógenos associados à infecção, seguidos do Staphylococcus aureus. A identificação de bactérias Gram-positivas tem se mostrado de extrema importância, principalmente para o tratamento correto dos pacientes.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria that cause UTI, analyzing the age group and the most affected genus. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, in which 24,529 records of outpatients were analyzed, performed at the Clinical Laboratory of the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (LC/PUC Goiás) from January 2011 to December 2017. Both genders and of all ages. Data were collected from the log book of samples specific to the microbiology section and selected the culture results positive for Gram positive bacteria. Results: Of the 24,529 urocultures analyzed, 21,2%(804) presented a positive diagnosis for UTI for Gram positive bacteria. Of these, 85.0% were female, and coagulase negative staphylococci were the most prevalent pathogens (57.8%). Conclusion: Urinary tract infection was more frequent in women aged of 19-40 years, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus being the main uropathogens associated with infection, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The identification of Gram-positive bacteria has been show to be extremely important, especially for the correct treatment of patients.

Resistência de bactérias Gram-positivas isoladas de infecção do trato urinário no LAC/PUC Goiás / Resistance Gram-positive bacteria isolated of urinary tract infection in Clinical analysis laboratory of PUC - Goiás

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de ITU por bactérias Gram-positivas e avaliar as resistências mais frequentes nesses micro-organismos. Métodos: Estudo analítico, retrospectivo, realizado a partir dos dados de pacientes atendidos pelo Laboratório Clínico da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, no período de novembro de 2016 a novembro de 2017. A partir das amostras de urina, foram selecionados os resultados de cultura positivos para bactérias Gram-positivas. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa Excel Microsoft (2013). Resultados: Das 3.381 amostras de urina avaliadas, 384 (11,4%) apresentaram positividade para ITU, onde 10,9% estavam associadas à presença de cocos Gram-positivos como agente patogênico. Destes, os mais prevalentes foram: Staphylococcus aureus (23,8%) e S. haemolitycus (23,8%), que apresentaram resistência de 80% tanto para ampicilina quanto para penicilina, tendo sido identificados como produtores de beta-lactamase. Conclusão e Considerações: O Staphylococcus aureus foi o micro-organismo mais prevalente, e a resistência, nesta população, foi maior na classe de antimicrobianos dos beta-lactâmicos. Apesar da menor frequência de ITU estar relacionada com bactérias Gram-positivas, este grupo representa um importante papel como agente patogênico desta infecção pela capacidade de apresentar resistência a antimicrobianos de amplo espectro.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of UTI by Gram-positive bacteriaand to evaluate the most frequent resistance in these microorganisms. Methods: It was a retrospective analytical study, performed from the data of patients attended by the Clinical Laboratory of the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, from November 2016 to November 2017. From the urine samples, the results were selected cultures for Grampositive bacteria. The data were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program (2013). Results: Of the 3.381 urine samples evaluated, 384 (11,4%) presented positivity for UTI, where 10,9% were associated with the presence of Gram-positive cocci as a pathogen. Of these, the most prevalent were: Staphylococcus aureus (23,8%) and S. haemolyticus(23,8%), both of which presented resistance of 80% for both ampicillin and penicillin and were identified as beta-lactamase producers.Conclusion: Considerations: S. aureus was the most prevalent, and resistance in this population was higher in the antimicrobial class of beta-lactams. Although the lower frequency of UTI is related to Gram-positive bacteria, this group plays an important role as a pathogenic agent of this infection, due to the ability to present resistance to broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Perfil e prevalência de resistência aos antimicrobianos de bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas de pacientes de uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Profile and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of negative-Gram bacteria isolated from intensive care patients

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de infecção bacteriana e analisar o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos dos principais BGN isolados em pacientes internados na UTI. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de 222 prontuários de pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia, obtendo-se dados de 245 amostras biológicas, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, e foram isolados microrganismos principalmente de urocultura (48,6%). Das 13 espécies de BGN isoladas, Klebsiella pneumoniae foi o microrganismo mais prevalente (35,5%), seguido de Escherichia coli (24,1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14,3%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11,0%). Em relação às classes de antimicrobianos, houve resistência significativa para quinolonas (88,0%). Considerando o perfil de resistência dos principais BGN isolados, K. pneumoniae apresentou maior resistência para ampicilina e cefalosporinas; em E. coli, a resistência foi maior para ampicilina e ciprofloxacino; já para A. baumannii, cefalosporinas, quinolonas e carbapenêmicos obtiveram os maiores índices de resistência; em P. aeruginosa, a maior resistência foi observada para cefalosporinas e carbapenêmicos. Além disso, foram encontrados três BGN pan-resistentes, sendo eles K. pneumoniae, E. coli e A. baumannii. Conclusão: Observou-se maior prevalência de K. pneumoniae, a resistência foi mais elevada para as quinolonas e a maioria dos BGN apresentou uma importante e elevada multirresistência aos antimicrobianos.

Prevalência de infecção do trato urinário em pacientes ambulatoriais e sua relação com os valores de nitrito e leucócitos / Prevalence of urinary tract infection in ambulatory patients and its relationship to nitrite values and leukocytes

Objetivo: A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é a mais frequente na população, podendo acometer indivíduos de todas as idades e sexo, sendo mais prevalente no sexo feminino e predominantemente causada por bacilos Gram-negativos (BGN). O diagnóstico laboratorial se baseia na realização do exame de elementos e sedimentos anormais (EAS), pela análise de aspectos físicos, químicos e microscópicos, incluindo análise de nitrito e leucócitos e cultura de urina, onde é possível determinar o agente patogênico associado à infecção. Assim, é de grande importância o diagnóstico correto diante da possibilidade da ITU apresentar-se de maneira assintomática ou sintomática, ainda com a possibilidade de evolução do quadro clínico. Verificar a frequência de ITU por bactérias, em pacientes ambulatoriais, relacionando com os resultados obtidos para a presença de nitrito e leucócitos nas amostras analisadas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal do tipo retrospectivo, realizado a partir de dados de pacientes ambulatoriais da PUC Goiás, obtidos no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2017, onde foram analisadas as variáveis: idade, sexo, resultados de urocultura, nitrito e leucócitos. Resultados: Dos 3.070 pacientes analisados, 13,4% apresentaram ITU, sendo que os BGN foram os principais agentes causadores da patologia, com maior prevalência no sexo feminino. A Escherichia coli foi o microrganismo encontrado com maior frequência. Tanto os dados de nitrito quanto os leucócitos apresentaram baixa sensibilidade e alta especificidade frente a casos de urocultura positiva. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade de se realizar pesquisa de nitrito, leucócitos e urocultura para diagnóstico correto de ITU.

Metal evaluation and ecotoxicological bioassays using Chironomus xanthus in sediments of triângulo mineiro watercourses / Avaliação de metais e bioensaios ecotoxicológicos utilizando Chironomus xanthus em sedimentos de cursos de água do triângulo mineiro

This study aimed to evaluate metal contamination in sediments of the Triângulo Mineiro watercourses and also analyze the toxicity of the sediments using Chironomus xanthus larvae, as test organisms. We collected sediments from three streams (P1, P2 and P3) and collected sediments in three points of the Uberabinha River (P4, P5 and P6). We analyzed Cu, Cr, Mn, Mg and Zn, and also performed acute and chronic toxicity tests. Acute tests were categorized into toxic (death > 50%), toxicity signs (10 < mortality < 50%) and non-toxic (mortality < 10), according to common protocols. In the chronic toxicity tests, the surviving larvae were stored for body size measurements. Of the five metals analyzed, all were found in the six sampling points, but only Cu and Zn were present at higher levels than the "Threshold Effect Level" (TEL). The sediments of the six sites have some level of toxicity and the mortality in the acute and chronic toxicity tests was 100%. No statistically significant differences, between treatment and the control were found in the larval growth. Based on the metal contamination and the toxicity bioassay results, we consider it important to monitor sediments and to evaluate changes in land use in the adjacent water courses. (AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a contaminação de metais nos sedimentos de cursos de água do Triângulo Mineiro e também analisar a toxicidade desses sedimentos utilizando larvas de Chironomusxanthus como organismo teste. Foram coletados sedimentos de três riachos (P1, P2 e P3) e também em três pontos do rio Uberabinha (P4, P5 e P6). Foram analisados Cu, Cr, Mn, Mg e Zn, e também realizados testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica. As amostras submetidas aos testes agudos foram categorizadas como tóxicas (mortalidade > 50%), evidências de toxicidade (mortalidade entre 10% e 50%) e não tóxicas (mortalidade <10%). Nos testes de toxicidade crônica, as larvas sobreviventes foram armazenadas para medidas do tamanho corporal. Dos cinco metais analisados, todos foram encontrados nos seis pontos amostrais, mas apenas Cu e Zn estavam presentes em níveis mais altos que TEL - Threshold Effect Level. Os sedimentos dos seis locais apresentam toxicidade ou indício de toxicidade e a mortalidade nos testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica foi de 100%. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, entre o tratamento e o controle, no crescimento larval. Com base na contaminação verificada e nos resultados dos bioensaios de toxicidade, consideramos importante monitorar os sedimentos e as mudanças no uso dos solos adjacentes aos cursos de água. (AU)

Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance.

The ecological diversity of the periodontal microenvironment may provide suitable conditions for the colonization of species not usually considered members of the oral microbiota. In this investigation, we aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of pathogenic species of medical relevance in the microbiota of individuals with distinct periodontal clinical status. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (H, n = 81), gingivitis (G, n = 55), generalized aggressive (AgP, n = 36) or chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 98), and analyzed for 39 microbial taxa using a checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Microbial differences among groups, as well as associations between clinical and microbiological parameters were sought by non-parametric and univariate correlation tests. Neisseria spp., Peptostreptococus anaerobius, Candida albicans, enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eubacterium saphenum, Clostridium difficile and Olsenella uli were detected in high mean prevalence and counts in the subgingival microbiota of the study population. Species that were more related to periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction at the patient and site levels included enterobacteria, C. albicans, Neisseria spp., P. aeruginosa, O. uli, Hafnia alvei, Serratia marcescens and Filifactor alocis (p < 0.05). In contrast, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were associated with periodontal health (p < 0.05). Pathogenic species of medical importance may be detected in high prevalence and levels in the periodontal microbiota. Regardless of their role in periodontal health or disease, the periodontal biofilm may be a source for dissemination and development of systemic infections by these pathogenic microorganisms.

Long-term evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility and microbial profile of subgingival biofilms in individuals with aggressive periodontitis.

This study evaluates the antimicrobial susceptibility and composition of subgingival biofilms in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) patients treated using mechanical/antimicrobial therapies, including chlorhexidine (CHX), amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MET). GAP patients allocated to the placebo (C, n = 15) or test group (T, n = 16) received full-mouth disinfection with CHX, scaling and root planning, and systemic AMX (500 mg)/MET (250 mg) or placebos. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-therapy from 3-4 periodontal pockets, and the samples were pooled and cultivated under anaerobic conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AMX, MET and CHX were assessed using the microdilution method. Bacterial species present in the cultivated biofilm were identified by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. At baseline, no differences in the MICs between groups were observed for the 3 antimicrobials. In the T group, significant increases in the MICs of CHX (p < 0.05) and AMX (p < 0.01) were detected during the first 3 months; however, the MIC of MET decreased at 12 months (p < 0.05). For several species, the MICs significantly changed over time in both groups, i.e., Streptococci MICs tended to increase, while for several periodontal pathogens, the MICs diminished. A transitory increase in the MIC of the subgingival biofilm to AMX and CHX was observed in GAP patients treated using enhanced mechanical therapy with topical CHX and systemic AMX/MET. Both protocols presented limited effects on the cultivable subgingival microbiota.

Long-term evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility and microbial profile of subgingival biofilms in individuals with aggressive periodontitis

This study evaluates the antimicrobial susceptibility and composition of subgingival biofilms in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) patients treated using mechanical/antimicrobial therapies, including chlorhexidine (CHX), amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MET). GAP patients allocated to the placebo (C, n = 15) or test group (T, n = 16) received full-mouth disinfection with CHX, scaling and root planning, and systemic AMX (500 mg)/MET (250 mg) or placebos. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-therapy from 3–4 periodontal pockets, and the samples were pooled and cultivated under anaerobic conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AMX, MET and CHX were assessed using the microdilution method. Bacterial species present in the cultivated biofilm were identified by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. At baseline, no differences in the MICs between groups were observed for the 3 antimicrobials. In the T group, significant increases in the MICs of CHX (p < 0.05) and AMX (p < 0.01) were detected during the first 3 months; however, the MIC of MET decreased at 12 months (p < 0.05). For several species, the MICs significantly changed over time in both groups, i.e., Streptococci MICs tended to increase, while for several periodontal pathogens, the MICs diminished. A transitory increase in the MIC of the subgingival biofilm to AMX and CHX was observed in GAP patients treated using enhanced mechanical therapy with topical CHX and systemic AMX/MET. Both protocols presented limited effects on the cultivable subgingival microbiota.

Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with chronic periodontal infection.

P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are important pathogens associated with late nosocomial pneumonia in hospitalized and institutionalized individuals. The oral cavity may be a major source of these respiratory pathogens, particularly in the presence of poor oral hygiene and periodontal infection. This study investigated the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with periodontal disease or health. Samples were obtained from 55 periodontally healthy (PH) and 169 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. DNA was obtained from the samples and detection of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. was carried out by multiplex and nested PCR. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 40% and 45% of all samples, respectively. No significant differences in the distribution of these microorganisms between men and women, subgingival biofilm and saliva samples, patients ≤ 35 and > 35 years of age, and smokers and non-smokers were observed regardless periodontal status (p > 0.05). In contrast, the frequencies of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in saliva and biofilm samples were significantly greater in CP than PH patients (p < 0.01). Smokers presenting P. aeruginosa and high frequencies of supragingival plaque were more likely to present CP than PH. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are frequently detected in the oral microbiota of CP. Poor oral hygiene, smoking and the presence of P. aeruginosa are strongly associated with periodontitis.

Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with chronic periodontal infection

P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are important pathogens associated with late nosocomial pneumonia in hospitalized and institutionalized individuals. The oral cavity may be a major source of these respiratory pathogens, particularly in the presence of poor oral hygiene and periodontal infection. This study investigated the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with periodontal disease or health. Samples were obtained from 55 periodontally healthy (PH) and 169 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. DNA was obtained from the samples and detection of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. was carried out by multiplex and nested PCR. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 40% and 45% of all samples, respectively. No significant differences in the distribution of these microorganisms between men and women, subgingival biofilm and saliva samples, patients < 35 and > 35 years of age, and smokers and non-smokers were observed regardless periodontal status (p > 0.05). In contrast, the frequencies of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in saliva and biofilm samples were significantly greater in CP than PH patients (p < 0.01). Smokers presenting P. aeruginosa and high frequencies of supragingival plaque were more likely to present CP than PH. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are frequently detected in the oral microbiota of CP. Poor oral hygiene, smoking and the presence of P. aeruginosa are strongly associated with periodontitis.

Distribution and seasonal variation of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta) in different aquatic environments of a cerrado area, state of MinaS Gerais, Brazil / Distribuição e variação sazonal de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta) em diferentes ambientes aquáticos de uma área de Cerrado, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The composition and diversity of aquatic insect fauna can be influenced by several factors such as substrate type, availability of allochthonous material, biotic interactions, among others. This occurs because these organisms have different adaptations to environmental characteristics of aquatic systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the distribution and seasonal variation of immature insects of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera orders in different environments at a Cerrado area in Uberlândia - MG. Sampling was performed in August 2007 (dry season) and February 2008 (rainy season), in three types of environment (stream in gallery forest, stream in vereda and in a pond) at "Reserva do Clube de Caça e Pesca Itororó". The insects were sampled using artificial substrates. We collected a total of 205 insects, 96 in the dry season and 109 in the rainy season. Differences in the abundance of insects among environments were recorded only for Ephemeroptera. Despite distinct characteristics of each environment the abundance of organisms and the richness of genera were similar among sampling sites and between seasons. However, there was a variation in the composition of organisms in each environment.

A composição e diversidade da fauna de insetos aquáticos podem ser influenciadas por vários fatores, como tipo de substrato, disponibilidade de material alóctone, interações bióticas, entre outros. Isso ocorre porque esses organismos têm diferentes adaptações às características ambientais dos sistemas aquáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição e variação sazonal de insetos imaturos das ordens Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera em diferentes ambientes de uma área de Cerrado em Uberlândia - MG. A amostragem foi realizada em agosto de 2007 (estação seca) e fevereiro de 2008 (período chuvoso), em três tipos de ambiente (córrego de mata de galeria, córrego em vereda e em uma lagoa) na "Reserva do Clube de Caça e Pesca Itororó". Os insetos foram amostrados utilizando substratos artificiais. Foi coletado um total de 205 insetos, 96 na estação seca e 109 na estação chuvosa. As diferenças na abundância de insetos entre os ambientes foram registradas apenas para Ephemeroptera. Apesar das características distintas de cada ambiente a abundância de organismos e a riqueza de gêneros foram semelhantes entre os locais de amostragem e entre estações. No entanto, houve uma variação na composição de organismos em cada ambiente.

The association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and different subgingival microorganisms in Brazilian adults with HIV: a multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (HVL) and high levels of periodontal- and non-periodontal-related microorganisms in the subgingival microbiota of individuals with HIV. METHODS: Thirty-seven individuals with HIV were divided into two groups: 1) detectable HVL (n = 15); and 2) undetectable HVL (n = 22). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained, and the levels of 35 microbial species were determined by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. Periodontal clinical measures and laboratory and sociodemographic data were also registered. χ(2) test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups. Multilevel ordinal regression models were used to test the association between HVL and the levels of 35 microbial species in subgingival biofilm, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Of the 35 species studied, 11 (31.4%) showed higher mean levels in the detectable HVL group than undetectable HVL group (P <0.001). These species included Actinomyces naeslundii II, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. Significant associations between detectable HVL and high levels of microorganisms, adjusted for confounders, were observed for A. naeslundii I, Actinomyces gerencseriae, C. gingivalis, E. corrodens, C. concisus, Prevotella nigrescens, T. forsythia, and Dialister pneumosintes. CONCLUSION: Detectable plasmatic HVL in individuals with HIV was associated with elevated levels of known periodontal pathogens, such as P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, and E. corrodens, as well as C. concisus, C. gingivalis, and D. pneumosintes in the subgingival biofilm.

Subgingival microbial profiles of generalized aggressive and chronic periodontal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to distinguish between generalized aggressive (GAgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) based on the subgingival microbial profiles predominant in these diseases. METHODS: Two-hundred and sixty subjects, 75 with GAgP and 185 with CP were recruited. Full-mouth clinical measurements were recorded. Individual subgingival plaque samples were taken from 7 sites per subject and analyzed for the prevalence and levels of 51 species by chequerboard. Differences between groups were examined by the Mann-Whitney test. Associations between bacterial species and GAgP were examined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Actinomyces gerensceriae, Actinomyces israelli, Eubacterium nodatum and Propionibacterium acnes were detected in significantly greater counts in GAgP, whereas Capnocytophaga ochracea, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Staphylococcus aureus and Veillonella parvula were more predominant in CP patients (adjusted p < 0.001). E. nodatum (at mean levels ≥4 × 10(5)) increased significantly the probability of a subject being diagnosed with GAgP than CP (OR 2.44 [0.96-6.20]), whereas P. gingivalis (OR 0.34 [0.11-0.93]) and T. denticola (OR 0.35 [0.11-0.94]) were associated with CP. CONCLUSIONS: Very few subgingival species differed in prevalence and/or levels between GAgP and CP in this sample population. In particular, E. nodatum was strongly related to GAgP, whereas P. gingivalis and T. denticola were associated with CP.