Effects of supplementation of tropical fruit processing by-products on lipid profile, retinol levels and intestinal function in Wistar rats.

Fruits agro-industrial by-products may have a great variety of bioactive compounds that promote health. Thus, the effects of supplementation with acerola, cashew and guava processing by-products for 28 days on retinol level, lipid profile and on some aspects related to intestinal function in rats were investigated. The animals supplemented with different fruit by-products presented similar weight gain, faecal pH values and intestinal epithelial structures; however, they showed higher moisture and Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. counts in faeces compared to the control group. Supplementation with the cashew by-product decreased the blood glucose, acerola and guava by-products reduced serum lipid levels and all fruit by-products tested increased serum and hepatic retinol. The results indicated that acerola and guava by-products possess a potential hypolipidemic effect. The three fruit by-products increase the hepatic retinol deposition and the faecal populations of beneficial bacterial groups and modulated aspects of intestinal function. The findings of this study can contribute to sustainable fruticulture and support future clinical studies with the supplementation of by-products.

Physical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Properties of Mandacaru Cladode Flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.): An Unconventional Food Plant from the Semi-Arid Brazilian Northeast.

In this study, we evaluated the physical, nutritional, and bioactive properties of mandacaru cladode flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.). The granulometric profile revealed particles with non-uniform geometry, flakiness, a rectangular tendency, and a non-homogeneous surface, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 60 µm. The flour presented low water activity (0.423), a moisture content of 8.24 g/100 g, high ash (2.82 g/100 g), protein (5.18 g/100 g), and total carbohydrate contents (74.48 g/100 g), and low lipid contents (1.88 g/100 g). Mandacaru flour is an excellent source of insoluble dietary fiber (48.08 g/100 g), calcium (76.33%), magnesium (15.21%), and potassium (5.94%). Notably, 1H NMR analysis revealed the presence of N-methyltyramine. Using HPLC chromatography, glucose was identified as the predominant sugar (1.33 g/100 g), followed by four organic acids, especially malic acid (9.41 g/100 g) and citric acid (3.96 g/100 g). Eighteen phenolic compounds were detected, with relevant amounts of kaempferol (99.40 mg/100 g), myricetin (72.30 mg/100 g), and resveratrol (17.84 mg/100 g). The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were 1285.47 mg GAE/100 g and 15.19 mg CE/100 g, respectively. The mean in vitro antioxidant activity values were higher using the FRAP method (249.45 µmol Trolox TEAC/100 g) compared to the ABTS•+ method (0.39 µmol Trolox TEAC/g). Finally, the ascorbic acid had a content of 35.22 mg/100 g. The results demonstrate the value of mandacaru as a little-explored species and an excellent matrix for the development of flours presenting good nutritional value and bioactive constituents with excellent antioxidant potential.

Preliminary study of the molluscicidal and larvicidal properties of some essential oils and phytochemicals from medicinal plants / Estudo preliminar das propriedades moluscicidas e larvicidas de alguns óleos essenciais e fitoconstituintes de plantas medicinais

This study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal and larvicidal activity of some essential oils and phytochemicals from medicinal plants. Molluscicide and larvicidal activity were determined by, respectively, the lethality bioassays using Artemia salina Leach. Artemiidae and Aedes aegypti L. Culicidae larvae. Essential oils from Eugenia uniflora L. Myrtaceae, Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae, Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae and the phytochemicals α-pinene and eugenol presented citotoxicity toward Artemia salina with CL50 values between 9.59 and 253.43 μL/mL. Essential oils from E. uniflora, M. piperita, O. vulgare and R. officinalis showed embryotoxicity on Aedes aegypti larvae with a viability inhibition between 40 and 100 percent. These results show the bioactivity of the assayed essential oils and phytochemicals and, partially, justify their insertion in further evaluation in order to establish a safe exploitation of their biological potentiality.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade moluscicida e larvicida de alguns óleos essenciais e fitoconstituintes de plantas medicinais. A atividade moluscicida e larvicida foi determinada empregando-se, respectivamente, o teste de letalidade contra náupilos de Artemia salina Leach. Artemiidae e contra larvas de Aedes aegypti L. Culicidae. Os óleos essenciais de Eugenia uniflora L. Myrtaceae, Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae, Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae e os fitoconstituintes α-pineno e eugenol mostraram bioatividade citotóxica frente A. salina com valores de CL50 entre 9,59 e 253,43 μL/mL. Os óleos essenciais de E. uniflora, M. piperita, O. vulgare e R. officinalis apresentaram atividade de embriotoxicidade sobre as larvas de A. aegypti mostrando uma variação de inibição de viabilidade entre 40 e 100 por cento. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial de bioatividade desses óleos essenciais e fitoconstituintes e justificam, parcialmente, o desenvolvimento de estudos com esses produtos para uso popular.

Potential of chitosan from Mucor rouxxi UCP064 as alternative natural compound to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes / Potencial de quitosana de Mucor rouxxi UCP 064 como componente alternativo para inibir Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is widely distributed in nature and the infection listeriosis is recognized as a potential threat for human health because of its mortality rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth profile and chitosan production by Mucor rouxxi UCP 064 grown in yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium. It was also to assess the anti-L. monocytogenes efficacy of the obtained chitosan. Higher values of biomass of M. rouxxi (16.9 g.L¹) and best yield of chitosan (62 mg.g-1) were found after 48 h of cultivation. Residual glucose and nitrogen in the growth media were 4.1 and 0.02 g.L¹ after 96 h, respectively. Obtained chitosan presented 85 percent of degree of deacetylation and 2.60 x 10(4) g.mol-1of viscosimetric molecular weight. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of chitosan against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 were, respectively, 2.5 and 5.0 mg.mL-1. At 2.5 and 5.0 mg.mL-1 chitosan caused cidal effect in a maximum time of 4 h. Bacterial count below 2 log cfu.mL-1were found from 2 h onwards and no recovery in bacterial growth was noted in the remainder period. These results show the biotechnological potential of yam bean medium for chitosan production by Mucor rouxxi and support the possible rational use of chitosan from fungi as natural antimicrobial to control L. monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes apresentase como um microrganismo amplamente distribuído na natureza, sendo que a infecção listeriose é reconhecida como uma potencial ameaça a saúde humana devido a sua taxa de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de crescimento e de produção de quitosana por Mucor rouxxi UCP 064 cultivado em meio jacatupé (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban), bem como avaliar a eficácia anti-L. monocytogenes da quitosana produzida com vistas a uma possível aplicação em alimentos. Os mais elevados valores de biomassa de M. rouxxi (16,9 g.L¹) e o maior rendimento na produção de quitosana (62 mg.g-1) foram encontrados após 48 horas de cultivo. As quantidades residuais de glicose e nitrogênio no meio de crescimento após 96 horas foram 4,1 e 0,02 g.L¹ , respectivamente. A quitosana obtida apresentou grau de deacetilação de 85 por cento e peso molecular de 2,6 x 10(4) g.mol-1. Os valores da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) da quitosana sobre L. monocytogenes ATCC 7664 foram, respectivamente, 2,5 e 5,0 mg.mL-1. Nas concentrações de 2,5 e 5,0 mg.mL-1a quitosana fúngica causou um efeito bactericida em um tempo máximo de 4 horas. Valores de contagens menores que 2 log ufc.mL-1foram encontrados a partir de 2 horas, sendo que nenhuma recuperação no crescimento bacteriano foi encontrado até 96 horas. Estes resultados mostram o potencial biotecnológico do meio jacatupé para produção de quitosana por Mucor rouxxi, bem como suportam o possível uso racional de quitosana fúngica como antimicrobiano natural para controlar o crescimento de L. monocytogenes.

Interference of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng essential oil on the anti-Candida activity of some clinically used antifungals

Plants with medicinal properties have been applied for a long in the traditional health care, so that sometimes their use takes place concomitantly to the use of industrialized drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil on the anti-Candida activity of some clinically used antifungals by the solid medium diffusion procedure. Assayed antifungals were amphotericin B (100 µg/mL), ketoconazole (50 µg/mL) and itraconazole (50 µg/mL). C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea were used as test microorganisms. P. amboinicus essential oil showed MIC value for most assayed yeast strains. The essential oil when assayed in its MIC value showed some interference on the anti-Candida effectiveness of the assayed antifungals. It was noted yeast growth inhibition zones with different diameters when the antifungals were tested alone and combined with the essential oil. P. amboinicus essential oil showed prominent interference on the anti-yeast activity of itraconazole providing a synergic effect on C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea. Also, the essential oil interfered on the anti-yeast activity of ketoconazole when interacting with C. albicans, C. guilliermondii and C. stellatoidea providing, respectively, an antagonic and synergic effect. On the other hand, it was found a small interference on the anti-yeast effect of amphotericin B. These data showed that combined use of medicinal plants and/or derivatives with industrialized drugs, particularly antimicrobials, could interfere on their expected therapeutic effects.

As plantas com propriedades medicinais têm sido utilizadas por um longo tempo no cuidado tradicional de saúde, de modo que algumas vezes seu uso ocorre concomitantemente ao uso de drogas industrializadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interferência do óleo essencial de Plectranthus amboinicus sobre atividade anti-Candida de alguns antifúngicos utilizados clinicamente através do método de difusão em meio sólido. Os antifúngicos ensaiados foram anfotericina B (100 µg/mL), cetoconazol (50 µg/mL) e itraconazol (50 µg/mL). C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei e C. stellatoidea foram utilizadas como microrganismos testes. O óleo essencial de P. amboinicus mostrou um valor de CIM de 40 µL/mL para a maioria das cepas de leveduras ensaiadas. O óleo essencial quando ensaiado em sua CIM mostrou alguma interferência sobre a efetividade anti-Candida dos antifúngicos testados, sendo notada a formação de zonas de inibição do crescimento fúngico com diferentes diâmetros quando os antifúngicos foram testados isolados e em combinação com o óleo essencial. O óleo essencial de P. amboinicus mostrou destacável interferência sobre a atividade antifúngica de itraconazol, sendo observado um efeito sinérgico sobre C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei e C. stellatoidea. Ademais, o óleo essencial interferiu na atividade antifúngica de cetoconazol sobre C. albicans, C. guilliermondii e C. stellatoidea causando, respectivamente, efeito antagônico e sinérgico. De outra forma, foi observada uma pequena interferência do óleo essencial sobre o efeito antifúngico de anfotericina B. Estes dados mostram que o uso combinado de plantas medicinais e/ou seus produtos derivados com drogas industrializadas, particularmente, antimicrobianos podem interferir sobre os efeitos terapêuticos esperados.

Inhibitory effect of some phytochemicals in the growth of yeasts potentially causing opportunistic infections

Opportunistic infections caused by yeasts have been characterized as emerging diseases all over the world and this has caused the search for new products capable of inhibiting the survival of their etiological agents. In this study the sensitivity of some yeast potentially causing infections to `alpha´-pinene, ß-pinene, citral and engenol was avaluated. All phytochemicals showed inhibitory action on the assayed yeast strains: Candida, albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondïi, C. stellatoidea, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans, presenting their MIC values in the range of 1 and 4 por cento The phytochemicals presented effectiveness to provide high fungicide effect in a short time. These data support the possible use of some phytochemicals as useful tools to control the occurrence of opportunistic infections caused by yeasts

Ação antimicrobiana de óleos essencias sobre microrganismos potencialmente causadores de infecções oportunistas / Anti-microbial action of essential oils against microorganisms potentially causing opportunistic infections

Os processos infecciosos causados por agentes microbianos são muito frequentes no Brasil, em consequência de seu clima tropical. Esses processos afetam pele, pêlos, unhas, mucosas, tecido subcutâneo, órgãos e sistemas. Como as infecções bacterianas e fúngicas são tratadas por meio da correção de fatores predisponentes e da terapêutica medicamentosa, este estudo se propõe a avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano de óleos essenciais, obtidos de plantas medicinais, contra diversas espécies microbianas conhecidas como potencialmente causadoras de infecções oportunistas, incluindo bactérias e fungos. Os resultados evidenciaram uma proeminente atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume a 4 por cento de Coniza bonariensis L. a 4 por cento e de Lippia alba N. E. Brown a 8 por cento, os quais inibiram o crescimento de 72 por cento, 61 por cento e 44 por cento, respectivamente, das cepas testadas, apresentando halos de inibição do crescimento microbiano entre 10 e 24 mm de diâmetro.